Delayed gastric emptying following pancreaticoduodenectomy: Incidence, risk factors, and healthcare utilization

Table 4 Rates of selected graded 90-d complication rates

	Overall (n = 276)	No DGE group (n = 227)	DGE group (n = 49)	P values
Frequency of other complications (any grade)
Patients with 0 complications	157 (56.9%)	157 (69.2%)	0 (0.0%)	< 0.001
Patients with 1 complication	51 (18.5%)	42 (18.5%)	9 (18.4%)	0.982
Patients with 2 complications	42 (15.2%)	18 (7.9%)	24 (49.0%)	< 0.001
Patients with 3 complications	11 (4.0%)	5 (2.2%)	6 (12.2%)	0.005
Patients with 4 complications	8 (2.9%)	5 (2.2%)	3 (6.1%)	0.153
Patients with ≥ 5 complications	7 (2.5%)	0 (0.0%)	7 (14.3%)	< 0.001
Severity of complications
Patients with any complication ≥ Grade 3	60 (21.7%)	38 (16.7%)	22 (44.9%)	< 0.001
Patients with any complication ≥ Grade 2	84 (30.4%)	47 (20.7%)	37 (75.5%)	< 0.001
Patients with any complication ≥ Grade 1	119 (43.1%)	70 (30.8%)	49 (100.0%)	< 0.001
90-d mortality	6 (2.2%)	4 (1.8%)	2 (4.1%)	0.289
Re-operations	12 (4.3%)	10 (4.4%)	2 (4.1%)	1
Readmissions	40 (14.5%)	33 (14.5%)	7 (14.3%)	1
Pancreatic fistula	64 (23.2%)	43 (18.9%)	21 (42.9%)	0.001
Grade A	39 (14.1%)	29 (12.8%)	10 (20.4%)
Grade B	19 (6.9%)	11 (4.8%)	8 (16.3%)
Grade C	6 (2.2%)	3 (1.3%)	3 (6.1%)
Bile leak	4 (1.4%)	1 (0.4%)	3 (6.1%)	0.019
Wound infection	20 (7.2%)	12 (5.3%)	8 (16.3%)	0.013
Wound dehiscence	3 (1.1%)	1 (0.4%)	2 (4.1%)	0.082
Intra-abdominal abscess	17 (6.2%)	9 (4.0%)	8 (16.3%)	0.012
Line infection	2 (0.7%)	2 (0.9%)	0 (0.0%)	0.033
Clostridium difficile	4 (1.4%)	1 (0.4%)	3 (6.1%)	0.019
Benign fluid collection	5 (1.8%)	2 (0.9%)	3 (6.1%)	0.041
Pneumonia	9 (3.3%)	5 (2.2%)	4 (8.2%)	0.056
Urinary tract infection	10 (3.6%)	5 (2.2%)	5 (10.2%)	0.018
Respiratory failure	9 (3.3%)	3 (1.3%)	6 (12.2%)	0.001
Encephalopathy	5 (1.8%)	1 (0.4%)	4 (8.2%)	0.004
Arrhythmia	16 (5.8%)	6 (2.6%)	10 (20.4%)	< 0.001
MI	4 (1.4%)	3 (1.3%)	1 (2.0%)	0.545
DVT	2 (0.7%)	2 (0.9%)	0 (0%)	1
PE	2 (0.7%)	2 (0.9%)	0 (0%)	1
Hemorrhage	4 (1.4%)	3 (1.3%)	1 (2.0%)	0.545
Renal failure	5 (1.8%)	3 (1.3%)	2 (4.1%)	0.216
Hepatic failure	1 (0.4%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (2.0%)	0.182
SMV/PV Thrombosis	8 (2.9%)	6 (2.6%)	2 (4.1%)	0.635

DGE: Delayed gastric emptying; MI: Myocardial infarction; DVT: Deep venous thrombosis; PE: Pulmonary embolism; SMV/PV: Superior mesenteric vein, portal vein.