Risk factors for pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy: A retrospective study in a Thai tertiary center

Table 3 Relationships between patient characteristics, operative outcome and postoperative pancreatic fistula grade

Characteristic data	POPF (grading)		P-value	95%CI
	A (n = 58)	B + C (n = 30)
Age, mean (SD)	59.2 (11.3)	58.8 (11.4)	0.874	56.67-61.46
BMI, median (IQR)	23.1 (20.4, 25.1)	23.1 (21.1, 26.5)	0.805	22.62-24.45
Albumin, median (IQR)	34.7 (32, 38)	35.4 (32, 37.9)	0.603	33.38-35.58
Total bilirubin, median (IQR)	0.9 (2, 5)	3.3 (1.2, 12)	0.01	3.44-6.66
Pancreatic duct diameter (mm), median (IQR)	3 (2, 5)	3 (2, 4)	0.175	3.07-3.79
Operative time, median (IQR)	480 (420, 600)	480 (360, 540)	0.49	462.22-511.75
Blood loss (mL), median (IQR)	800 (500, 1500)	900 (600, 1500)	0.071	985.10-1616.95
LOH day, median (IQR)	21 (14, 30)	42.5 (30, 60)	< 0.001	28.14-46.32
Gender, n (%)
Male	34 (58.6)	12 (40.0)	0.097
Female	24 (41.4)	18 (60.0)
DM, n (%)
No	45 (77.6)	24 (80.0)	0.794
Yes	13 (22.4)	6 (20.0)
Hx of cardiovascular disease, n (%)
No	42 (72.4)	22 (73.3)	0.927
Yes	16 (27.6)	8 (26.7)
PBD, n (%)
No	20 (34.5)	5 (16.7)	0.079
Yes	38 (65.5)	25 (83.3)
Pancreatic texture, n (%)
Hard/Firm	20 (35.1)	7 (24.1)	0.301
Soft	37 (64.9)	22 (75.9)
Type of resection, n (%)
PPPD	24 (41.4)	7 (23.3)	0.093
PD	34 (58.6)	23 (76.7)
Duct, n (%)
Duct to mucosa	46 (79.3)	17 (56.7)	0.026
Invagination	12 (20.7)	13 (43.3)
Stent, n (%)
No	32 (55.2)	22 (73.3)	0.097
Yes	26 (44.8)	8 (26.7)
External vs Internal, n (%)
External	8 (32.0)	4 (50.0)	0.42
Internal	14 (68.0)	4 (50.0)
Malignant, n (%)
No	12 (20.7)	4 (13.3)	0.396
Yes	46 (79.3)	26 (86.7)
Final diagnosis, n (%)
CA ampulla	23 (39.6)	14 (46.7)	0.33
CA pancreas	8 (13.8)	4 (13.3)
CA duodenal	3 (5.2)	0
CA distal CBD	5 (8.6)	6 (20.0)
Other	19 (32.8)	6 (20.0)
Age, n (%)
< 70	47 (81.0)	26 (86.7)	0.505
≥ 70	11 (19.0)	4 (13.3)
BMI, n (%)
< 25	42 (71.4)	21 (70.0)	0.812
≥ 25	16 (27.6)	9 (30.0)
Albumin, n (%)
≥ 30	50 (86.2)	27 (90.0)	0.743
< 30	8 (13.8)	3 (10.0)
Total bilirubin, n (%)
< 3	43 (74.1)	13 (43.3)	0.004
≥ 3	15 (28.9)	17 (56.7)
Pancreatic duct diameter, n (%)
≥ 5	12 (20.7)	11 (36.7)	0.106
< 5	46 (79.3)	19 (63.3)
Operative time, n (%)
< 420	12 (20.7)	9 (30.0)	0.331
≥ 420	46 (79.3)	21 (70.0)
Blood loss, n (%)
< 1000	37 (63.8)	17 (56.7)	0.515
≥ 1000	21 (36.2)	13 (43.3)

POPF: Postoperative pancreatic fistul; PBD: Preoperative biliary drainage; PPPD: Pylorus-preserved pancreaticoduodenectomy; PD: Pancreaticoduodenectomy; BMI: Body mass index.