Risk factors for pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy: A retrospective study in a Thai tertiary center

Table 1 Patient characteristics in postoperative pancreatic fistula and no postoperative pancreatic fistula groups

Characteristic data	No POPF (n = 91)	POPF (n = 88)	P-value	95%CI
Age, mean (SD)	60.7 (10.6)	59.1 (11.2)	0.33	58.22-61.44
BMI, median (IQR)	21.4 (20, 23.9)	23.1 (20.8, 25.5)	0.005	22.05-23.22
Albumin, median (IQR)	34.1 (31, 38.3)	34.9 (32, 37.95)	0.667	33.38-35.10
Total bilirubin, median (IQR)	4.1 (1.3, 13.2)	1.3 (0.7, 5.6)	0.002	5.01-7.16
Pancreatic duct diameter (mm), median (IQR)	3 (3, 5)	3 (2, 5)	0.048	3.44-3.99
Operative time, median (IQR)	420 (360, 540)	480 (420, 570)	0.014	448.46-486.23
Blood loss (mL), median (IQR)	1000 (600, 1500)	800 (500, 1500)	0.236	1082-1459.66
LOH day, median (IQR)	15 (12, 20)	25 (17, 39.5)	< 0.001	23.14-32.87
Gender, n (%)
Male	49 (53.8)	46 (52.3)	0.833
Female	42 (46.2)	42 (47.7)
DM, n (%)
No	64 (70.3)	69 (78.4)	0.216
Yes	27 (29.7)	19 (21.6)
Hx of cardiovascular disease, n (%)
No	82 (90.1)	64 (72.7)	0.003
Yes	9 (9.9)	24 (27.3)
PBD, n (%)
No	36 (39.6)	25 (28.4)	0.116
Yes	55 (60.4)	63 (71.6)
Pancreatic texture, n (%)1
Hard/firm	60 (68.2)	27 (31.4)	< 0.001
Soft	28 (31.8)	59 (68.6)
Type of resection, n (%)
PPPD	20 (22.0)	31 (35.2)	0.05
Classical PD	71 (78.0)	57 (64.8)
Duct to mucosa vs Invagination
Duct to mucosa	56 (61.5)	63 (71.6)	0.154
Invagination	35 (38.5)	25 (28.4)
Stent, n (%)
No	73 (80.2)	54 (61.4)	0.005
Yes	18 (19.8)	34 (38.6)
External vs Internal, n (%)
External	4 (22.2)	12 (36.4)	0.298
Internal	14 (77.8)	21 (63.6)
Malignant, n (%)
No	18 (19.8)	16 (18.2)	0.785
Yes	73 (80.2)	72 (81.8)
Final diagnosis, n (%)
CA ampulla	25 (27.5)	37 (42.1)	0.04
CA pancreas	28 (27.5)	12 (13.6)
CA duodenal	8 (8.8)	3 (3.4)
CA distal CBD	7 (7.7)	11 (12.5)
Other	26 (28.5)	25 (28.4)
Grading, n (%)
No	91 (100)	0	0
A	0	58 (65.9)
B	0	22 (25.0)
C	0	8 (9.1)
Other complications
No	86 (94.5)	66 (75.0)	< 0.001
Yes	5 (5.5)	22 (25.0)
30-d mortality, n (%)
No	91 (100)	85 (96.6)	0.117
Yes	0	3 (3.4)
Age, n (%)
< 70	73 (80.2)	73 (82.9)	0.637
≥ 70	18 (19.8)	15 (17.1)
BMI, n (%)
< 25	78 (85.7)	63 (71.6)	0.021
≥ 25	13 (14.3)	25 (28.4)
Albumin, n (%)
≥ 30	75 (82.4)	77 (87.5)	0.342
< 30	16 (17.6)	11 (12.5)
Total bilirubin, n (%)
< 3	41 (45.1)	56 (63.6)	0.013
≥ 3	50 (54.9)	32 (36.4)
Pancreatic duct diameter, n (%)
≥ 5	45 (49.4)	23 (26.1)	0.001
< 5	46 (50.6)	65 (73.9)
Operative time, n (%)
< 420	39 (42.9)	21 (23.9)	0.007
≥ 420	52 (57.1)	67 (76.1)
Blood loss, n (%)
< 1000	45 (49.5)	54 (61.4)	0.109
≥ 1000	46 (50.5)	34 (38.6)

¹n = 174 patients. Other complications: DGE, postoperative hemorrhage, chyle leakage. POPF: Postoperative pancreatic fistul; PBD: Preoperative biliary drainage; PPPD: Pylorus-preserved pancreaticoduodenectomy; PD: Pancreaticoduodenectomy; BMI: Body mass index.