Residual gastric content and aspiration-related outcomes in perioperative patients treated with semaglutide: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Summary of findings - semaglutide and perioperative outcomes

Outcome	Participants (total, studies)	Events (SEMA)	Events (control)	Relative effect (RR, 95%CI)	Certainty of evidence (GRADE)
Residual gastric content	7796 (10 studies)	239	322	3.49 (1.78-6.83)	●●◯◯ moderate1
Digestive symptoms	1498 (2 studies)	27	43	5.65 (3.61-8.84)	●●◯◯ moderate2
Gastroparesis	3487 (2 studies)	20	81	1.43 (0.71-2.87)	●◯◯◯ low3
Pulmonary aspiration	27741 (6 studies)	15	80	1.46 (0.29-7.24)	◯◯◯◯ very low4
Procedure discontinuation	24755 (2 studies)	84	100	1.74 (0.59-5.11)	●◯◯◯ low5

¹Residual gastric content: Downgraded one level for serious inconsistency (I² = 90%, high heterogeneity).

²Digestive symptoms: Observational evidence, upgraded one level for large and consistent effect size; final rating = moderate.

³Gastroparesis: Downgraded for serious imprecision [wide confidence interval (CI), few events].

⁴Pulmonary aspiration: Downgraded two levels for inconsistency (variation in effect direction) and very serious imprecision (extremely wide CI, rare outcome).

⁵Procedure discontinuation: Downgraded for inconsistency and imprecision (heterogeneous effects, wide CI).

SEMA: Semaglutida; RR: Relative risk; CI: Confidence interval; GRADE: Grading of Recommendations Assessment.