Magnetic compression anastomosis in gastrointestinal and biliary disease: Techniques and clinical applications

Table 3 Summary of clinical studies evaluating magnetic compression anastomosis for biliary-enteric conditions

Ref.	Country	Design and patients	Indication	Main outcome	Adverse events and limitations
Liu et al[41], 2018	China	Prospective clinical trial; n = 41	Biliojejunostomy	Successful formation of bilioenteric anastomosis with long-term patency. Clinical success: 39/41 (95.1%); technical success: 41/41 (100%)	Cholangitis before magnet expulsion (n = 3); biliary anastomotic stricture requiring reoperation (n = 2)
Liu et al[42], 2019	China	Prospective case series; n = 5	Laparoscopic magnetic compression biliojejunostomy for obstructive jaundice	Formation of patent biliojejunostomy with successful internal biliary drainage. Clinical success: 5/5 (100%); technical success: 5/5 (100%)	Wound infection (n = 1); no anastomotic leak or stricture
Liu et al[43], 2019	China	Prospective case series; n = 4	Biliojejunostomy and pancreaticojejunostomy during Whipple’s procedure	Formation of functional biliojejunostomy and pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Clinical success: 3/4 (75%); technical success: 4/4 (100%)	Cholangitis (n = 1); pancreatic fistula (n = 1); biliary anastomotic stricture at 11 months (n = 1)
Li et al[44], 2021	China	Retrospective case series; n = 7	Magnetic compression anastomosis during laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy for choledochojejunostomy and pancreatojejunostomy	Formation and postoperative function of magnetic biliojejunostomy and pancreaticojejunostomy after laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy. Clinical success: 7/7 (100%); technical success: 7/7 (100%)	Pancreatic fistula (n = 2); intra-abdominal infection (n = 2); delayed gastric emptying (n = 2); intra-abdominal bleeding (n = 1); no biliary or pancreatic anastomotic leak
Li et al[45], 2021	China	Prospective clinical study; n = 23	Cholangiojejunostomy	Restoration of biliary drainage through magnetic compression cholangiojejunostomy. Clinical success: 22/23 (95.7%); technical success: 23/23 (100%)	Bile leakage (n = 1); postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo I-IIIa) in 10 patients; cholangitis during follow-up (n = 3); anastomotic stricture (n = 1)
Avaliani et al[46], 2009	Russia	Prospective clinical series; n = 34	Palliation of malignant obstructive jaundice	Creation of biliary-enteric fistula for internal biliary drainage in malignant obstructive jaundice. Clinical success: 29/34 (85.3%); technical success: 34/34 (100%)	Temporary occlusion of bypass due to food debris (n = 2); tumor ingrowth requiring surgical revision (n = 3); reflux cholangitis (n = 2)