Magnetic compression anastomosis in gastrointestinal and biliary disease: Techniques and clinical applications

Table 2 Summary of clinical studies evaluating magnetic compression anastomosis for biliary conditions

Ref.	Country	Design and patients	Indication	Main outcome	Adverse events and limitations
Jang et al[35], 2011	South Korea	Retrospective observational study; n = 12	Biliary anastomotic strictures after living donor liver transplantation	Successful recanalization of biliary anastomotic stricture after LDLT. Clinical success: 9/12 (75%); technical success: 10/12 (83.3%)	Mild cholangitis (n = 1); recurrence of anastomotic stricture (n = 1)
Jang et al[36], 2014	South Korea	Retrospective case series; n = 7	Recanalization of refractory benign biliary strictures	Successful recanalization of completely obstructed benign biliary strictures. Clinical success: 5/7 (71.4%); technical success: 5/7 (71.4%)	No MCA-related complications or restenosis reported
Ersoz et al[37], 2016	Turkey	Pilot study/case series; n = 6	Disconnected bile duct after living-donor liver transplantation	Biliary recanalization after magnetic compression anastomosis. Clinical success: 6/6 (100%); technical success: 6/6 (100%)	No procedure-related adverse events reported
Jang et al[2], 2017	South Korea	Single-center retrospective cohort study; n = 39	Completely obstructed benign biliary strictures	Successful recanalization and long-term patency of the biliary tract. Clinical success: 33/39 (84.6%); technical success: 35/39 (89.7%)	Mild cholangitis (n = 1); restenosis (n = 1); partial restenosis (n = 1)
Parlak et al[21], 2017	Turkey	Prospective case series; n = 9	Complete biliary obstruction after liver transplantation	Recanalization of complete duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis obstruction. Clinical success: 7/9 (77.8%); technical success: 7/9 (77.8%)	No procedure-related adverse events
Li et al[10], 2020	China	Prospective single-center clinical study; n = 9	Benign biliary strictures	Successful recanalization of benign biliary stricture with sustained duct patency. Clinical success: 9/9 (100%); technical success: 9/9 (100%)	Mild cholangitis (n = 1); biliary bleeding from PTBD tract (n = 1)
Ödemiş et al[12], 2022	Turkey	Retrospective case series; n = 19	Completely obstructed benign biliary strictures	Recanalization of completely obstructed benign biliary strictures with restoration of bile flow. Clinical success: 12/19 (63.2%); technical success: 19/21 procedures (90.5%)	Magnet entrapment (n = 3); magnet migration (n = 2); cholangitis (n = 1)
Chavan et al[38], 2024	India	Case series; n = 3	Post-cholecystectomy benign biliary stricture recanalization	Bile duct recanalization confirmed by cholangiography after magnet removal. Clinical success: 3/3 (100%); technical success: 3/3 (100%)	None reported
Jang et al[39], 2024	South Korea	Retrospective cohort study; n = 10	Complete biliary obstruction after cholecystectomy	Recanalization of complete biliary obstruction with creation of a fistulous tract. Clinical success: 8/10 (80%); technical success: 10/10 (100%)	No procedure-related adverse events; 2 patients developed stricture recurrence treated with repeat FCSEMS
Ünal et al[40], 2025	Turkey	Retrospective single-center cohort study; n = 26	Post-transplant biliary strictures (combined endoscopic-percutaneous approach)	Successful recanalization of completely obstructed post-transplant biliary anastomotic strictures with long-term patency. Clinical success: 24/26 (92.3%); technical success: 24/26 (92.3%)	Recurrent biliary stricture during follow-up (n = 6); no major procedure-related complications reported

FCSEMS: Fully covered self-expandable metal stent; LDLT: Living donor liver transplantation; MCA: Magnetic compression anastomosis; PTBD: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage.