Application of a three-dimensional-printed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography simulation operation model in surgical training and teaching

Table 3 Post-teaching outcomes and standardized effect sizes, mean ± SD

Outcome	General teaching (n = 15)	Model teaching (n = 15)	P value	Hedges’ g
Theoretical performance	71.0 ± 6.3	70.0 ± 7.9	0.614	-0.13
Understanding of biliary anatomy	6.4 ± 0.5	8.1 ± 0.5	< 0.0011	-3.31
Patient management	7.1 ± 0.5	7.5 ± 0.5	0.0401	0.78
Understanding of complications	6.7 ± 0.5	7.1 ± 0.4	0.0361	0.86
Procedural steps	5.7 ± 0.4	7.3 ± 0.8	< 0.0011	2.46
Confidence	6.9 ± 0.6	7.3 ± 0.2	0.0121	0.87

¹Significant difference.

Hedges’ g represents small-sample bias corrected standardized mean differences. Effect size interpretation: Small (0.2), moderate (0.5), large (≥ 0.8).