Application of a three-dimensional-printed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography simulation operation model in surgical training and teaching

doi:10.4240/wjgs.120441

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery

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1948-9366

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastrointest Surg. Aug 27, 2026; 18(8): 120441
Published online Aug 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.120441

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants, mean ± SD

Variables	General teaching (n = 15)	Model teaching (n = 15)	χ² value	P value
Sex, male/female	12/3	13/2	0.475	0.638
Age (year)	26.4 ± 2.0	26.6 ± 1.7	-0.297	0.769
Education level (undergraduate/master/PhD)	10/5/0	10/4/1	-0.323	0.749
Time spent in hepatobiliary surgery (year)	2.1 ± 0.7	1.7 ± 0.8	1.213	0.235
Time spent in endoscopy (year)	0.2 ± 0.4	0.1 ± 0.4	0.475	0.07
Pre-teaching theoretical performance	41.3 ± 9.9	40.0 ± 8.2	0.401	0.692
Pre-teaching understanding of biliary anatomy	2.3 ± 0.7	2.2 ± 0.6	0.462	0.647
Pre-teaching patient management	2.0 ± 0.5	2.0 ± 0.3	0.182	0.857
Pre-teaching understanding of complications	2.1 ± 0.5	2.3 ± 0.6	-1.148	0.261
Pre-teaching procedural steps	1.5 ± 0.3	1.7 ± 0.3	-1.855	0.07
Pre-teaching confidence	1.7 ± 0.3	1.8 ± 0.3	-0.915	0.368

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Citation: Zhou WJ, Qin JW, Li C, Li XF. Application of a three-dimensional-printed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography simulation operation model in surgical training and teaching. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(8): 120441
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v18/i8/120441.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.120441

Zhou WJ, Qin JW, Li C, Li XF. Application of a three-dimensional-printed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography simulation operation model in surgical training and teaching. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(8): 120441 [DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.120441]

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