Sutureless portal vein reconstruction in porcine orthotopic liver transplantation using a microvascular coupler: A randomized study with artificial intelligence-assisted histopathology

Figure 5 Histological analysis of portal vein tissue in the coupler group/hand-sutured group. A: Histological analysis of portal vein tissue in the coupler group (hematoxylin and eosin staining). Representative images from five cases at 40 ×, 100 ×, and 400 ×. 40 ×/100 ×: The portal vein exhibits intact structure with minimal inflammation and no significant necrosis. Vessel walls are well preserved. 400 ×: Scattered macrophages (yellow arrows), lymphocytes (blue arrows), and rare plasma cells (orange arrows) are seen, with only small necrotic areas (white arrows); B: Histological analysis of portal vein tissue in the hand-sutured group (hematoxylin and eosin staining). Representative images from five cases at 40 ×, 100 ×, and 400 ×. 40 ×/100 ×: Structural disorganization, inflammatory cell infiltration, and focal necrosis are evident. Vessel walls show irregular thickening and fibrosis. 400 ×: Increased macrophages (yellow arrows), lymphocytes (blue arrows), plasma cells (orange arrows), and significant necrotic tissue (white arrows) are present, indicating higher inflammation and tissue injury.