Application of enhanced recovery after surgery in the perioperative period of pediatric enterostomy closure

Table 2 Comparison of intraoperative and postoperative outcomes, n (%)/mean ± SD

Parameter	ERAS group (n = 31)	TRAD group (n = 30)	P value
Intraoperative data
Operation time (minutes)	85.58 ± 19.10	88.27 ± 23.54	0.626
Estimated blood loss (mL)	10.00 (10.00, 12.50)	10.00 (10.00, 20.00)	0.329
Fluid infusion speed (mL/kg/hour)	5.94 ± 1.21	8.63 ± 2.19	< 0.001
Combined anesthesia	25 (80.65)	7 (23.33)	< 0.001
Catheters utilization
NGTs	13 (41.94)	23 (76.67)	0.006
Urinary catheters	6 (19.36)	13 (43.33)	0.043
Abdominal drains	5 (16.13)	12 (40.00)	0.038
Catheters duration
NGTs (days)	2.00 (2.00, 3.00)	3.00 (3.00, 4.00)	< 0.001
Urinary catheters (days)	1.00 (1.00, 1.75)	3.00 (2.00, 3.00)	0.003
Abdominal drains (days)	2.00 (2.00, 3.00)	4.50 (4.00, 5.25)	0.003
Recovery outcomes
Active ambulation (days)	1.00 (1.00, 1.00)	3.00 (2.00, 3.00)	< 0.001
First flatus (days)	2.00 (1.00, 2.00)	3.00 (2.00, 3.75)	< 0.001
Liquid diet initiation (days)	2.00 (2.00, 3.00)	4.00 (3.00, 4.00)	< 0.001
IV infusion duration (days)	5.23 ± 0.76	7.33 ± 1.94	< 0.001
TEN achievement (days)	5.68 ± 0.79	8.37 ± 1.94	< 0.001
Complications	6 (19.36)	5 (16.67)	0.785
Abdominal distension	5 (16.13)	3 (10.00)	0.742
Nausea/vomiting	3 (9.68)	2 (6.67)	1.000
Cough with sputum production	1 (3.23)	2 (6.67)	0.977
Incision infection	2 (6.45)	1 (3.33)	1.000
Incomplete bowel obstruction	0 (0.00)	1 (3.33)	0.492
By severity (Clavien-Dindo)
Grade I	4 (12.90)	2 (6.67)	0.698
Grade II	2 (6.45)	3 (10.00)	0.969
Hospitalization cost (yuan)	14542.87 ± 4322.97	19030.64 ± 5541.51	< 0.001
30-day outcomes
Weight restoration	25 (80.65)	22 (73.33)	0.497
Readmissions	1 (3.23)	1 (3.33)	1.000
Wound infection	1 (3.23)	0 (0.00)	1.000
Partial obstruction	0 (0.00)	1 (3.33)	0.492

Median (25^th percentile, 75^th percentile) for non-parametric continuous variables. IV: Intravenous; NGT: Nasogastric tube; TEN: Total enteral nutrition; ERAS: Enhanced recovery after surgery; TRAD: Traditional care.