Bleeding and vascular complications after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: Incidence and associated factors in a Vietnamese tertiary center

Table 2 Factors independently associated with bleeding or vascular complications after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (reduced Firth penalized logistic regression model)

Characteristic	Adjusted OR	95%CI	P value
More than one needle pass	7.91	2.05-30.59	0.003
Choledocholithiasis	18.80	4.79-73.73	< 0.001
Procedure time (per 10 minutes)	1.44	1.05-1.96	0.023
Target-duct diameter on punctured side (per 1 mm)	0.82	0.69-0.98	0.026

Model characteristics: n = 234, bleeding or vascular events = 16, number of predictors = 4, events-per-variable = 4.0. Internal validation: Apparent area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve = 0.873; optimism-corrected area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve = 0.848; optimism-corrected calibration slope = 0.886. Sensitivity analyses are described in the results text. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.