Laparoscopic choledocholithotomy for gallbladder and common bile duct stones: Outcomes of primary closure vs T-tube drainage

Table 2 Comparative analysis of baseline and postoperative (day 3) biochemical, hematologic, and electrolyte parameters, mean ± SD

Time point	Indicator	Primary closure group (n = 52)	T-tube drainage group (n = 50)	t value	P value
Preoperative	TBIL (μmol/L)	32.5 ± 15.2	33.1 ± 14.8	-0.202	> 0.05
	DBIL (μmol/L)	18.4 ± 8.1	18.9 ± 7.6	-0.324	> 0.05
	ALT (U/L)	98.5 ± 45.3	101.2 ± 50.1	-0.287	> 0.05
	AST (U/L)	85.7 ± 40.2	88.3 ± 42.5	-0.319	> 0.05
	ALP (U/L)	165.4 ± 55.6	170.2 ± 60.3	-0.418	> 0.05
	WBC (× 1012/L)	7.5 ± 2.1	7.6 ± 2.3	-0.231	> 0.05
	Na+ (mmol/L)	140.5 ± 3.2	140.8 ± 3.5	-0.456	> 0.05
	K+ (mmol/L)	4.1 ± 0.4	4.1 ± 0.5	0.000	> 0.05
Postoperative day 3	TBIL (μmol/L)	19.3 ± 6.7	25.3 ± 5.1	-5.142	< 0.05
	DBIL (μmol/L)	10.5 ± 4.2	14.8 ± 3.9	-5.373	< 0.05
	ALT (U/L)	28.5 ± 8.9	36.8 ± 10.1	-4.437	< 0.05
	AST (U/L)	59.8 ± 15.4	85.5 ± 16.2	-8.203	< 0.05
	ALP (U/L)	139.2 ± 18.1	154.2 ± 17.1	-4.360	< 0.05
	WBC (× 1012/L)	7.8 ± 2.5	7.9 ± 2.6	-0.198	> 0.05
	Na+ (mmol/L)	139.5 ± 3.8	138.2 ± 4.1	1.667	> 0.05
	K+ (mmol/L)	4.0 ± 0.5	3.9 ± 0.6	0.920	> 0.05

TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; WBC: White blood cell count; Na⁺: Sodium; K⁺: Potassium.