New-onset diabetes mellitus after distal pancreatectomy: Incidence, predictors and clinical impact

Table 1 Pathophysiological and diagnostic differences between new-onset diabetes mellitus, type 3c diabetes mellitus, and postoperative hyperglycemia

Feature	NODM	T3cDM	Postoperative hyperglycemia
Definition	De novo diabetes in previously normoglycemic patients	Diabetes secondary to pancreatic disease/surgery	Transient elevation in blood glucose
Primary driver	Surgical loss of β-cell mass	Pancreatic pathology + exocrine loss	Stress response/inflammatory cytokines
Exocrine status	May be normal or impaired	Must be impaired	Usually, unaffected
Imaging	Post-surgical anatomy	Structural damage (atrophy/fibrosis)	Typically, normal

NODM: New-onset diabetes mellitus; T3cDM: Type 3c diabetes mellitus.