Synergistic effect of Codonopsis lanceolata and clip-line traction in endoscopic submucosal dissection for early esophageal cancer

Table 5 Comparison of C-reactive protein levels, peak pain scores, and ulcer healing rates between the two groups, mean ± SD/n (%)

	Clipping wire traction group	Combination group	t/χ2	P value
CRP (mg/L)
Preoperative	3.5 ± 1.2	3.3 ± 1.1	0.873	0.385
Postoperative days 1	36.2 ± 7.5	25.1 ± 5.9	8.229	< 0.001
Postoperative days 3	60.5 ± 11.3	38.5 ± 8.7	10.913	< 0.001
Postoperative days 7	8.9 ± 2.8	5.2 ± 2.1	7.483	< 0.001
Postoperative peak pain (VAS score)	6.0 ± 1.2	5.1 ± 1.2	3.732	< 0.001
4-week ulcer scar healing rate	32 (90.00)	45 (64.00)	9.543	0.002

This table compares serial C-reactive protein levels, peak postoperative pain scores, and ulcer healing outcomes between the two groups. Continuous variables (C-reactive protein at each time point, peak Visual Analogue Scale pain score) are presented as mean ± SD and were compared using the independent samples t-test. The categorical variable (4-week ulcer healing rate) is presented as n (%) and was compared using the χ² test. Statistically significant differences were observed at all postoperative time points for C-reactive protein, for peak pain score, and for ulcer healing rate (all P < 0.05), while no significant difference was found in preoperative C-reactive protein levels (P > 0.05). CRP: C-reactive protein; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale.