Synergistic effect of Codonopsis lanceolata and clip-line traction in endoscopic submucosal dissection for early esophageal cancer

Table 1 Comparison of baseline data between the two groups, mean ± SD

Indicators	Clipping wire traction group	Combination group	t/χ2	P value
Gender (male/female)	31/19	34/16	0.396	0.529
Age (years)	65.23 ± 7.66	65.53 ± 5.42	0.224	0.823
BMI	21.47 ± 4.29	21.16 ± 4.33	0.360	0.719
Lesion site			2.763	0.251
Up	11	14
Middle	28	31
Lower	11	5
Lesion morphology			0.462	0.881
Protrusion	13	11
Flat	35	36
Depression	2	3
Depth of the lesion			1.329	0.249
Mucosal layer	45	41
Submucosa	5	9

This table compares baseline patient characteristics between the two groups. Continuous variables (age, body mass index) are presented as mean ± SD and were compared using the independent samples t-test. Categorical variables (gender, lesion site, lesion morphology, lesion depth) are presented as counts and were compared using the χ² test. The results show no statistically significant differences between the groups (all P > 0.05). BMI: Body mass index.