Clinical comparison of laparoscopic vs open distal gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer: Perioperative safety, recovery, and survival

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, n (%)/mean ± SD

Parameters	Laparoscopy (n = 213)	Open surgery (n = 207)	t/χ2	P value
Age (years)	59.54 ± 6.12	59.58 ± 6.47	0.071	0.943
Gender			0.163	0.687
Male	152 (71.36)	144 (69.57)
Female	61 (28.64)	63 (30.43)
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.55 ± 2.41	23.70 ± 2.54	0.635	0.525
ASA score			0.165	0.921
I	102 (47.89)	101 (48.79)
II	100 (46.95)	97 (46.86)
III	11 (5.16)	9 (4.35)
ECOG			0.067	0.796
0	184 (86.38)	177 (85.51)
1	29 (13.62)	30 (14.49)
Comorbidity	95 (44.6)	93 (44.93)	0.005	0.946
Previous abdominal operation	32 (15.02)	28 (13.53)	0.192	0.661
Clinical T stage			0.112	0.946
T2	91 (42.72)	86 (41.55)
T3	81 (38.03)	82 (39.61)
T4a	41 (19.25)	39 (18.84)
Clinical N stage			0.287	0.592
N0	94 (44.13)	86 (41.55)
N1	119 (55.87)	121 (58.45)
Clinical tumor-node-metastasis stage			0.643	0.886
I	58 (27.23)	50 (24.15)
IIA	33 (15.49)	36 (17.39)
IIB	36 (16.9)	36 (17.39)
III	86 (40.38)	85 (41.06)

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiology score; I: Normal and healthy patients; II: Patients with mild systemic diseases but no functional limitations; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; 0: The activity ability is completely normal, with no symptoms or signs; 1: Can move freely and engage in light physical activities, including general household or office work, but cannot engage in heavier physical activities; Clinical T stage: T2: Tumor invades the intrinsic muscle layer; T3: Tumor penetrates the subserosal layer; T4a: Tumor invades the serosa (visceral peritoneum); Clinical N stage: N0: No regional lymph node metastasis; N1: There are 1 to 2 regional lymph node metastases; Clinical tumor-node-metastasis stage: I: Early gastric cancer, with tumor localization and no lymph node metastasis or only a small amount of lymph node metastasis; IIA and IIB: Locally advanced gastric cancer, the tumor may have invaded deeper tissue layers, and the number of lymph node metastases has increased, but distant metastases have not yet appeared; III: Locally advanced gastric cancer, the tumor may have invaded the serosal layer or adjacent organs, accompanied by significant lymph node metastasis.