Visceral obesity exacerbates perioperative muscle loss and impairs survival in colorectal cancer

Table 1 Patient baseline characteristics, mean ± SD/n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Feature	All patients (n = 389)
Gender
Male	229 (58.87)
Female	160 (41.13)
Age%
≤ 65	202 (51.93)
> 65	187 (48.07)
BMI (kg/m2)	22.80 ± 3.17
Cardiovascular disease
None	281 (72.24)
Present	108 (27.76)
Respiratory disease
None	313 (80.46)
Present	76 (19.54)
Diabetes
None	320 (82.26)
Present	69 (17.74)
VFA (cm2)	116.36 ± 62.98
Visceral obesity, VFA ≥ 100 cm2
Yes	214 (55.01)
No	175 (44.99)
VSR (%, cm2/m2)	2.64 ± 1.36
Preoperative SMI (cm2/m2)	43.92 ± 7.89
Preoperative sarcopenia
Yes	147 (37.79)
No	242 (62.21)
Postoperative SMI	44.23 ± 8.56
Change value (SMI%)	0.011 ± 0.116
SML% (ΔSMI ≥ -5%)
No	272 (69.92)
Yes	117 (30.08)
Serum total protein(g/L)	69.67 ± 7.33
Preoperative albumin(g/L)	41.24 ± 5.20
Globulin level (g/L)	28.41 ± 5.26
Hemoglobin (g/L)	120.60 ± 26.52
Platelets (× 109/L)	226.77 ± 91.14
Neutrophil count (× 109/L)	4.869 ± 2.34
Lymphocyte count (× 109/L)	1.436 ± 0.534
Tumor location
Sigmoid colon	43 (11.05)
Colon	95 (24.42)
Rectum	251 (64.52)
Differentiation degree
Low	90 (23.14)
Moderate	270 (69.41)
High	29 (7.46)
ASA classification
< III	203 (52.19)
≥ III	186 (47.81)
Vascular nerve invasion
None	238 (61.18)
Present	151 (38.82)
pTMN stage
Stage I	46 (11.83)
Stage II	188 (48.33)
Stage III	155 (39.85)
Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy
None	208 (53.47)
Present	181 (46.53)
Surgical approach
Open	190 (48.84)
Laparoscopic	199 (51.16)
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	109.82 ± 105.65
Operation time (minutes)	215.21 ± 75.81
Prophylactic ileostomy status
None	322 (82.78)
Present	67(17.22)
LOS (days)	15.00 (13.00-19.00)
Number of lymph nodes dissected (n)	10.43 ± 10.00
FPT (time to flatus, days)	3.00 (2.00-3.00)
Complications
None	286 (73.52)
Present	103 (26.48)
Postoperative infectious complications
No	298 (76.61)
Yes	91 (23.39)
Postoperative non-infectious complications
No	360 (92.54)
Yes	29 (7.46)

BMI: Body mass index; VFA: Visceral fat area; VSR: Visceral-to-skeletal muscle ratio; SMI: Skeletal muscle index; SML: Skeletal muscle loss; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologist; pTMN: Pathologic tumor-node-metastasis; LOS: Length of hospital stay; FPT: Flatus passage time.