Psychological intervention and health education effects on quality of life in patients after pancreatic cancer surgery: A meta-analysis

Table 3 Grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation analysis

Outcome	Certainty assessment							Number of patients		Effect absolute (95%CI)	Certainty
	Number of studies	Study design	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirect	Imprecise	Other considerations	IG	CG
Global health status	3	NR	Serious1,2,3	NS	NS	NS	None	142	149	MD = 7.12 (4.91 to 9.32)	Very low
Physical functioning	3	NR	Serious1,2,3	NS	NS	NS	None	137	145	SMD = 0.61 (0.37 to 0.85)	Very low
Emotional functioning	3	NR	Very serious1,2,3	NS	NS	NS	None	137	145	SMD = 1.03 (0.78 to 1.28)	Very low
Dietary digestion	2	NR	Serious1,2,3	NS	NS	NS	None	120	164	MD = -2.37 (-3.12 to -1.63)	Very low

¹Deviation from expected intervention measures.

²Outcome bias measurement.

³Missing data.

IG: Intervention; CG: Control; CI: Confidence interval; MD: Mean difference; NR: Nonrandomized; NS: Nonserious; SMD: Standardized mean difference.