Repairing the impaired gut vascular barrier as a novel therapeutic target for prolonged postoperative ileus: A scoping review

Figure 4 Impairment of the gut vascular barrier as a critical factor in sustaining intestinal inflammation during prolonged postoperative ileus. A: Intestinal microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction; B: Increased permeability of the gut vascular barrier; C: Pathological angiogenesis; D: Hemodynamic changes. NO: Nitric oxide; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; INF-γ: Interferon-γ; VE-cadherin: Vascular endothelial-cadherin; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; vWF: Von Willebrand factor. Created in BioRender (Supplementary material).