Navigation value of intraoperative ultrasound combined with indocyanine green fluorescence in complex hepatocellular carcinoma resection

Table 4 Comparison of postoperative complications between two groups, n (%)

Indicator	Combined navigation group (n = 103)	Conventional surgery group (n = 97)	Statistic	P value
Overall complications	19 (18.4)	28 (28.9)	χ2 = 4.123	0.042
Clavien-Dindo grade1			χ2 = 6.821	0.078
Grade I-II	13 (12.6)	16 (16.5)
Grade III	4 (3.9)	9 (9.3)
Grade IV	2 (1.9)	2 (2.1)
Grade V	0 (0)	1 (1.0)
Grade III-V complications	6 (5.8)	12 (12.4)	χ2 = 4.128	0.042
Total complication episodes	26	46
Specific complication types (counted by episodes)
Bile leakage	5 (4.9)	10 (10.3)	χ2 = 4.178	0.041
Grade A	3 (2.9)	5 (5.2)
Grade B	1 (1.0)	4 (4.1)
Grade C	1 (1.0)	1 (1.0)
Abdominal infection	4 (3.9)	6 (6.2)	χ2 = 0.628	0.428
Abdominal hemorrhage	2 (1.9)	5 (5.2)	Fisher	0.133
Liver failure	1 (1.0)	3 (3.1)	Fisher	0.354
Pleural effusion	6 (5.8)	8 (8.2)	χ2 = 0.521	0.47
Pulmonary infection	4 (3.9)	6 (6.2)	χ2 = 0.628	0.428
Wound infection	2 (1.9)	4 (4.1)	Fisher	0.428
Renal insufficiency	1 (1.0)	2 (2.1)	Fisher	0.607
Other complications	1 (1.0)	2 (2.1)	Fisher	0.607
Postoperative reoperation	2 (1.9)	6 (6.2)	Fisher	0.104
30-day postoperative mortality	0 (0)	1 (1.0)	Fisher	0.485
90-day postoperative mortality	1 (1.0)	3 (3.1)	Fisher	0.354

¹Patients categorized by most severe complication grade, P value for overall Clavien-Dindo grade distribution comparison (grade I-II, grade III, grade IV, grade V) was 0.078, not reaching statistical significance; but when comparing grade III-V (severe complications) with grade I-II (mild complications), the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.042). Specific complication types counted by episodes, some patients may experience multiple complications simultaneously, so total complication episodes (26 in combined navigation group, 46 in conventional surgery group) is greater than total patients with complications (19 in combined navigation group, 28 in conventional surgery group).