Navigation value of intraoperative ultrasound combined with indocyanine green fluorescence in complex hepatocellular carcinoma resection

Table 3 Comparison of oncological indicators between two groups, mean ± SD/n (%)/median (interquartile rage)

Indicator	Combined navigation group (n = 103)	Conventional surgery group (n = 97)	Statistic	P value
Positive margin	3 (2.9)	13 (13.4)	χ2 = 7.621	0.006
Margin distance (cm)	1.2 (0.8-1.8)	0.8 (0.5-1.3)	Z = 3.912	< 0.001
Margin distance grouping1			χ2 = 14.328	0.001
< 0.5 cm	8 (7.8)	22 (22.7)
0.5-1.0 cm	32 (31.1)	35 (36.1)
> 1.0 cm	63 (61.2)	40 (41.2)
R0 resection	100 (97.1)	84 (86.6)	χ2 = 7.621	0.006
Pathological features
Maximum tumor diameter (cm)	7.9 ± 3.3	7.7 ± 3.5	t = 0.421	0.674
Postoperative final confirmed total tumor number2			χ2 = 0.821	0.365
Consistent with preoperative imaging	79 (76.7)	79 (81.4)
More than preoperative imaging	24 (23.3)	18 (18.6)
Among which: Detected immediately intraoperatively (≥ 5 mm)	24 (23.3)	6 (6.2)
Found on postoperative pathology (< 5 mm)	0 (0)	12 (12.4)
Pathological type			Fisher	0.782
Hepatocellular carcinoma	98 (95.1)	93 (95.9)
Cholangiocarcinoma	3 (2.9)	2 (2.1)
Mixed type	2 (1.9)	2 (2.1)
Differentiation degree			χ2 = 1.234	0.745
Well-differentiated	21 (20.4)	18 (18.6)
Moderately differentiated	56 (54.4)	54 (55.7)
Poorly differentiated	23 (22.3)	22 (22.7)
Undifferentiated	3 (2.9)	3 (3.1)
MVI grade			χ2 = 0.621	0.733
M0	48 (46.6)	42 (43.3)
M1	38 (36.9)	38 (39.2)
M2	17 (16.5)	17 (17.5)
Liver capsule invasion	42 (40.8)	37 (38.1)	χ2 = 0.149	0.7
Satellite nodules	28 (27.2)	24 (24.7)	χ2 = 0.156	0.693
Intact tumor capsule	67 (65.0)	61 (62.9)	χ2 = 0.101	0.751

¹Among the 3 cases and 13 cases with positive margins, 2 cases and 11 cases respectively had margin distance < 0.5 cm, and the remaining 1 case and 2 cases had margin distance of 0.5-1.0 cm but were microscopically margin positive.

²Postoperative final confirmed total tumor number = number of lesions shown on preoperative imaging + number of occult lesions detected immediately intraoperatively (diameter ≥ 5 mm) + number of small lesions additionally found on postoperative pathological examination (diameter < 5 mm).

“Consistent with preoperative imaging” means the postoperative final confirmed tumor number is the same as the number reported on preoperative imaging. MVI: Microvascular invasion.