Navigation value of intraoperative ultrasound combined with indocyanine green fluorescence in complex hepatocellular carcinoma resection

doi:10.4240/wjgs.v18.i4.116412

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery

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1948-9366

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastrointest Surg. Apr 27, 2026; 18(4): 116412
Published online Apr 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i4.116412

Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between two groups, mean ± SD/n (%)/median (interquartile rage)

Indicator	Combined navigation group (n = 103)	Conventional surgery group (n = 97)	Statistic	P value
General demographic characteristics
Age (years)	54.3 ± 10.7	55.8 ± 11.2	t = 0.978	0.329
Gender (male)	86 (83.5)	79 (81.4)	χ² = 0.168	0.682
BMI (kg/m²)	23.8 ± 3.2	24.1 ± 3.4	t = 0.654	0.514
Underlying liver disease
HBV infection	89 (86.4)	82 (84.5)	χ² = 0.156	0.693
HCV infection	8 (7.8)	9 (9.3)	χ² = 0.156	0.693
Cirrhosis			χ² = 0.824	0.662
No cirrhosis	28 (27.2)	24 (24.7)
Mild cirrhosis	51 (49.5)	51 (52.6)
Moderate to severe cirrhosis	24 (23.3)	22 (22.7)
Preoperative liver function indicators
Child-Pugh A	91 (88.3)	87 (89.7)	χ² = 0.092	0.762
TBIL (μmol/L)	16.8 ± 6.3	17.2 ± 6.8	t = 0.431	0.667
ALB (g/L)	41.2 ± 4.6	40.8 ± 4.9	t = 0.601	0.548
ALT (U/L)	42 (28-68)	45 (30-71)	Z = 0.721	0.471
AST (U/L)	38 (26-59)	40 (28-62)	Z = 0.683	0.495
PT-INR	1.08 ± 0.12	1.09 ± 0.13	t = 0.567	0.571
ICG-R15 (%)	12.4 ± 5.8	12.9 ± 6.1	t = 0.603	0.547
Tumor characteristics
Maximum tumor diameter (cm)	7.8 ± 3.2	7.6 ± 3.4	t = 0.431	0.667
Tumor number			χ² = 0.412	0.814
Single	67 (65.0)	66 (68.0)
2 lesions	24 (23.3)	21 (21.6)
≥ 3 lesions	12 (11.7)	10 (10.3)
Central tumor	58 (56.3)	52 (53.6)	χ² = 0.147	0.701
Large vessel involvement	47 (45.6)	42 (43.3)	χ² = 0.109	0.741
AFP > 400 ng/mL	52 (50.5)	46 (47.4)	χ² = 0.191	0.662
Imaging evaluation
Tumor volume (cm³)	286 (145-512)	273 (138-498)	Z = 0.512	0.609
Estimated resection liver volume (cm³)	618 (425-856)	602 (410-841)	Z = 0.621	0.535
Residual liver volume percentage (%)	58.3 ± 12.4	57.6 ± 13.1	t = 0.394	0.694
ECOG score			χ² = 0.286	0.867
0 points	64 (62.1)	62 (63.9)
1 point	32 (31.1)	28 (28.9)
2 points	7 (6.8)	7 (7.2)
Comorbidities
Hypertension	31 (30.1)	27 (27.8)	χ² = 0.127	0.722
Diabetes	18 (17.5)	15 (15.5)	χ² = 0.147	0.701
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease	12 (11.7)	10 (10.3)	χ² = 0.093	0.761

BMI: Body mass index; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; TBIL: Total bilirubin; ALB: Albumin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; PT-INR: Prothrombin time-international normalized ratio; ICG-R15: Indocyanine green-minute retention rate; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

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Citation: Zhang S, Li SY, Zhou B. Navigation value of intraoperative ultrasound combined with indocyanine green fluorescence in complex hepatocellular carcinoma resection. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(4): 116412
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v18/i4/116412.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v18.i4.116412

Zhang S, Li SY, Zhou B. Navigation value of intraoperative ultrasound combined with indocyanine green fluorescence in complex hepatocellular carcinoma resection. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(4): 116412 [DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i4.116412]

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