Liver transplant and autoimmune liver diseases: An up-to-date review

doi:10.4240/wjgs.v18.i3.114915

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery

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1948-9366

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastrointest Surg. Mar 27, 2026; 18(3): 114915
Published online Mar 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i3.114915

Table 3 Emerging therapies for primary sclerosing cholangitis

Disease	Emerging therapies	Mechanism/target	Current evidence	Ref.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis	NorUDCA	Modified bile acid; anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory effect	Clinical trials in progress	Karlsen et al[14], 2017
	NorUDCA	Modified bile acid; anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory effect	Clinical trials in progress	Phase 2, n ≈ 161
	FXR agonists	Regulates bile acid metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties	Preliminary positive results	Hov and Karlsen[14], 2023
	FXR agonists		Preliminary positive results	Review and translational data
	anti-TNF anti-integrin agents	Target immune-mediated inflammation	Early experimental and clinical studies	Karlsen et al[16] 2017
	anti-TNF anti-integrin agents	Target immune-mediated inflammation	Early experimental and clinical studies	Translational/pilot data
	Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation	Immune reconstitution and graft protection	Pilot study showing promising results for recurrent PSC after transplantation	Chruscinski et al[95], 2022
	Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation	Immune reconstitution and graft protection		Pilot, n = 6

NorUDCA: 24-nor-ursodeoxycholic acid; FXR: Farnesoid X receptor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis.

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Citation: Freire JPC, Lopes CF, Lima PHM, Feliciano LD, de Melo FF. Liver transplant and autoimmune liver diseases: An up-to-date review. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(3): 114915
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v18/i3/114915.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v18.i3.114915

Freire JPC, Lopes CF, Lima PHM, Feliciano LD, de Melo FF. Liver transplant and autoimmune liver diseases: An up-to-date review. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(3): 114915 [DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i3.114915]

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