Dietary and nutritional correlates of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: A comprehensive island-wide study in Sri Lanka

doi:10.4240/wjgs.v18.i3.113687

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery

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1948-9366

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World J Gastrointest Surg. Mar 27, 2026; 18(3): 113687
Published online Mar 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i3.113687

Table 1 Self-reported prevalence of food-related triggers for heartburn and reflux in subjects fulfilling criteria for gastroesophageal reflux disease and non-gastroesophageal reflux disease controls, n (%)

Food item	Total (n = 1200)	GERD (n = 304)	Controls (n = 896)	Adjusted OR	95%CI for OR	P-value¹
Spicy foods	399 (33.3)	196 (64.5)	203 (22.7)	0.709	0.483-1.042	0.080
Oily foods	393 (32.8)	212 (69.7)	181 (20.2)	0.333	0.226-0.490	0.001
Bread	393 (32.8)	207 (68.1)	186 (20.8)	0.478	0.309-0.738	0.001
Wheat	305 (25.4)	173 (56.9)	132 (14.7)	0.508	0.330-0.784	0.002
Tea	146 (12.2)	85 (28)	61 (6.8)	1.190	0.738-1.919	0.475
Coffee	65 (5.4)	47 (15.5)	18 (2)	0.470	0.239-0.923	0.028
Chocolate	30 (2.5)	19 (6.3)	11 (1.2)	1.154	0.472-2.822	0.754
Fizzy drinks	150 (12.5)	88 (28.9)	62 (6.9)	0.647	0.417-1.003	0.052
Sour	263 (21.9)	154 (50.7)	109 (12.2)	0.510	0.346-0.752	0.001
Milk	32 (2.7)	19 (6.3)	13 (1.5)	0.758	0.329-1.749	0.516

¹Logistic regression analysis, gastroesophageal reflux disease vs controls.

GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

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Citation: Wickramasinghe N, Thuraisingham A, Jayalath A, Samarasekera DN, Yazaki E, Jayawardena R, Devanarayana NM. Dietary and nutritional correlates of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: A comprehensive island-wide study in Sri Lanka. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(3): 113687
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v18/i3/113687.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v18.i3.113687

Wickramasinghe N, Thuraisingham A, Jayalath A, Samarasekera DN, Yazaki E, Jayawardena R, Devanarayana NM. Dietary and nutritional correlates of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: A comprehensive island-wide study in Sri Lanka. World J Gastrointest Surg 2026; 18(3): 113687 [DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i3.113687]

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