Impact of dexmedetomidine preconditioning on analgesic and postoperative recovery in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Table 4 Comparison of oxidative stress and stress response markers between two groups, mean ± SD

Parameter	DEX conventional anesthesia group (n = 95)	DEX preconditioning anesthesia group (n = 87)	t value	P value
Oxidative stress markers
Malondialdehyde (μmol/L)
Preoperative	2.31 ± 0.43	2.23 ± 0.35	1.465	0.145
Postoperative 6 hours	3.39 ± 0.61	3.17 ± 0.56	2.520	0.013
Superoxide dismutase (U/mL)
Preoperative	73.41 ± 7.85	72.04 ± 7.62	1.193	0.234
Postoperative 6 hours	88.32 ± 8.46	91.14 ± 6.79	2.494	0.014
Total antioxidant capacity (mmol ascorbic acid Eq/L)
Preoperative	16.23 ± 2.26	16.79 ± 2.95	1.420	0.157
Postoperative 6 hours	13.59 ± 2.33	14.47 ± 2.61	2.391	0.018
Stress response markers
Cortisol (µg/dL)
Preoperative	12.62 ± 1.47	12.94 ± 1.08	1.663	0.098
Postoperative 6 hours	15.02 ± 2.35	14.32 ± 2.01	2.164	0.032
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (pg/mL)
Preoperative	1.83 ± 0.31	1.86 ± 0.37	0.577	0.565
Postoperative 6 hours	3.47 ± 0.98	3.15 ± 0.76	2.429	0.016
C-reactive protein (mg/L)
Preoperative	1.54 ± 0.32	1.49 ± 0.43	0.874	0.384
Postoperative 6 hours	5.77 ± 1.62	5.24 ± 1.35	2.388	0.018

DEX: Dexmedetomidine.