Self-reported open cholecystectomy training, practice, and confidence in the laparoscopic era: An international convenience-sample survey

Table 2 Training, supervision, formal assessment and training-format exposure (n = 391)

Item	n/N	%
Open cases during residency reported as sufficient for independent performance	248/391	63.4
Directly observed and informally evaluated by a supervisor	325/391	83.1
Formal standardized skills assessment (OSATS or GOALS)	81/391	20.7
Simulation or hands-on training focused on emergency conversion	64/391	16.4
Has ever converted a laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open	322/391	82.4
Formal training in common bile duct exploration	238/391	60.9
Formally evaluated in open surgical skills as part of the curriculum	226/391	57.8
Training formats ever used (multiple response)
Operating-room mentorship by a senior surgeon	307/391	78.5
Video-based training	98/391	25.1
Live animal laboratory	53/391	13.6
Cadaver laboratory	37/391	9.5
Dry laboratory	23/391	5.9
Modality of CBDE training, among the 238 reporting formal training
Open only	81/238	34.0
Laparoscopic only	28/238	11.8
Both open and laparoscopic	129/238	54.2
Modality item as answered by the 153 reporting no formal training
Open only	49/153	32.0
Laparoscopic only	36/153	23.5
Both open and laparoscopic	68/153	44.4

The modality item was written as conditional on reporting formal common bile duct exploration training but was presented without automated branching and was answered by all 391 respondents; both subgroups are shown so that the denominators are explicit. CBDE: Common bile duct exploration; GOALS: Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills; OSATS: Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills.