Development and validation of a postoperative prediction model for residual stones after hepatectomy in patients with hepatolithiasis

Figure 3 Selection, specification, and clinical presentation of the final least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-logistic regression model. A: Coefficient profiles of candidate predictors across the log (λ) penalty path. The vertical green line indicates the selected 1-SE parameter (λ = 0.0579); B: Cross-validated log loss vs log (λ), contrasting the minimum-error (lambda = 0.03625; orange) and the selected 1-SE (λ = 0.0579; green) thresholds; C: Exact non-zero penalized coefficients for retained predictors: Postoperative biliary stricture, bilateral stone location, prolonged operative time (positive coefficients), and T-tube drainage (negative coefficient); D: Nomogram derived directly from the locked penalized model, mapping individual predictor values to total points and predicted residual-stone probability without unpenalized refitting. CV: Cross-validation.