Development and validation of a postoperative prediction model for residual stones after hepatectomy in patients with hepatolithiasis

Table 5 Classification performance at the locked threshold of 0.270

Metric	Development OOF (95%CI)	Held-out validation (95%CI)
Sensitivity	0.776 (0.661-0.882)	0.875 (0.727-1.000)
Specificity	0.784 (0.715-0.845)	0.785 (0.677-0.879)
PPV	0.577 (0.468-0.688)	0.600 (0.440-0.759)
NPV	0.902 (0.846-0.951)	0.944 (0.873-1.000)
Accuracy	0.782 (0.725-0.839)	0.809 (0.719-0.888)
F1 score	0.662 (0.563-0.750)	0.712 (0.571-0.833)
Youden index	0.560 (0.433-0.683)	0.660 (0.470-0.820)

Data are presented as point estimates with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. The locked threshold of 0.270 was derived from the maximum Youden index in the development cohort via 10-fold cross-validation. CI: Confidence interval; OOF: Out-of-fold; NPV: Negative predictive value; PPV: Positive predictive value.