Debulking surgery for non-radically resectable intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct: Three case reports and literature review

Figure 2 Gross specimen, pathology of patients. A: Gross specimen of patient 1 showing markedly dilated bile ducts filled with mucin and a papillary mass; pathology of patient 1 (B-D); B: Papillary architecture with fibrovascular cores on histopathological examination [hematoxylin and eosin (HE) × 100]; C: Schistosomiasis-related hepatic changes (HE × 200); D: Tumor involvement at the resection margin (HE × 200); E: Preoperative three-dimensional reconstruction of patient 3 shows a total liver volume of 1088.8 mL; pathology of patient 2 (F-H); F: A representative histopathological section showing an extensive intraductal papillary tumor with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HE × 100); G: High-grade intraepithelial neoplasia at the bile duct resection margin (HE × 100); H: Schistosomiasis-related cirrhotic changes (HE × 200); pathology of patient 3 (I-K); I: Positive bile duct resection margin with papillary lesions and mucinous material; J: Postoperative histopathological examination of the left hepatic lobe reveals an intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (HE, × 100); K: A 3.0 cm × 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm portion of the mass showing local malignant transformation (HE, × 100).