Comparison of epidural anesthesia and intravenous self-control analgesia on postoperative recovery quality in duodenectomy

Table 5 Comparison of stress response and metabolic parameters epidural anesthesia and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia groups, n (%)

Indicator	Parameter EA group (n = 84)	IVPCA group (n = 84)	P value
Stress hormones (24 hours postoperative)
Plasma cortisol (nmol/L)	382 ± 87	516 ± 104	< 0.001
Epinephrine (pg/mL)	58 ± 14	93 ± 22	< 0.001
Norepinephrine (pg/mL)	312 ± 74	437 ± 95	< 0.001
Glycemic control
Mean blood glucose (mmol/L)	7.2 ± 0.9	8.6 ± 1.3	< 0.001
Hyperglycemic episodes requiring insulin	20 (23.8)	35 (41.7)	0.013
Inflammatory markers
C-reactive protein at 48 hours (mg/L)	87.3 ± 18.4	113.6 ± 24.7	< 0.001

EA: Epidural anesthesia; IVPCA: Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia.