Comparison of epidural anesthesia and intravenous self-control analgesia on postoperative recovery quality in duodenectomy

Table 2 Comparison of pain control and related outcomes between groups, n (%)

Outcome	EA Group (n = 84)	IVPCA Group (n = 84)	P value
Pain scores (VAS 0-10)
At rest
12 hours	2.1 ± 0.8	4.3 ± 1.1	< 0.001
24 hours	2.4 ± 0.9	4.7 ± 1.2	< 0.001
48 hours	1.9 ± 0.7	3.8 ± 1.0	< 0.001
72 hours	1.6 ± 0.6	3.2 ± 0.9	< 0.001
During movement
12 hours	4.2 ± 1.3	6.5 ± 1.5	< 0.001
24 hours	3.8 ± 1.1	6.3 ± 1.4	< 0.001
48 hours	3.3 ± 1.0	5.4 ± 1.3	< 0.001
72 hours	2.7 ± 0.9	4.6 ± 1.2	< 0.001
Analgesic consumption
Total opioid consumption (morphine equivalent, mg)	32.6 ± 8.4	68.5 ± 14.7	< 0.001
Rescue analgesic requirements	14 (16.7)	37 (44.0)	< 0.001
Analgesia-related adverse effects
Nausea and vomiting	16 (19.0)	27 (32.1)	0.048
Pruritus	6 (7.1)	14 (16.7)	0.031
Hypotension	14 (16.7)	6 (7.1)	0.031
Respiratory depression	2 (2.4)	5 (6.0)	0.246
Urinary retention	9 (10.7)	7 (8.3)	0.601
Patient satisfaction with pain management (0-10)	8.3 ± 1.2	7.1 ± 1.5

EA: Epidural anesthesia; IVPCA: Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia; VAS: Visual Analog Scale.