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Meta-Analysis
©The Author(s) 2026.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Jan 27, 2026; 18(1): 112017
Published online Jan 27, 2026. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v18.i1.112017
Table 4 Newcastle-Ottawa scale risk of bias assessment tool
Ref.
Selection
Comparability
Outcome
Total score
Abouelela et al[23], 20203126
Bhandari et al[24], 20192125
Das et al[25], 20244228
Jammu and Sharma[26], 20164228
Jung et al[27], 20223227
Kular et al[28], 20143228
Lee et al[29], 20154228
Litmanovich et al[30], 20253227
Madhok et al[31], 20163126
Musella et al[32], 20144228
Plamper et al[33], 20173126
Plamper et al[34], 20233227
Poljo et al[35], 20212226
Rajan et al[36], 20202125
Schmitz et al[38], 20222125
Singhal et al[39], 20223227
Singla et al[40], 20192125
Singla et al[41], 20243227
Soong et al[42], 20213126
Tasdighi et al[43], 20223137
Vrakopoulou et al[44], 20213227
Alkhalifah et al[45], 20183227
Musella et al[49], 20214228
Abu Sneineh et al[51], 20213227
Genco et al[52], 20213227
Gambardella et al[53], 20244228


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