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Retrospective Study
©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Sep 27, 2025; 17(9): 109631
Published online Sep 27, 2025. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i9.109631
Figure 1
Figure 1 Study flowchart for risk factor analysis. PPCs: Postoperative pulmonary complications.


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