Epidemiology and risk of pulmonary complications following hepatobiliary surgical procedures: A retrospective study

Table 3 Intraoperative and postoperative factors in the non-postoperative pulmonary complication and postoperative pulmonary complication groups, n (%)

Variable	PPC (n = 78)	Non-PPC (n = 234)	P value
Intraoperative factors
ASA physical status
III-IV	34 (43.59)	51 (21.8)	< 0.001
Operation duration ≥ 2 hours	45 (57.7)	78 (33.3)	< 0.001
Anesthesia duration (10 minutes)	572.18 ± 226.41	252.98 ± 222.71	< 0.001
Estimated blood loss ≥ 100 mL	38 (48.7)	38(16.2)	< 0.001
Blood transfusion	19 (24.4)	11 (4.7)	< 0.001
Infusion (mL)	4550.16 ± 2239.36	2320.70 ± 1957.34	< 0.001
Surgical procedure
Interventional surgery (percutaneous arterial embolization/angiography/catheterization)	34 (43.6)	110 (47.0)	0.6
Liver surgery (liver segment/partial resection)	25 (32.1)	76 (32.48)	0.944
Laparoscopic surgery (gallbladder/Liver/intestine)	8 (10.25)	29 (12.39)	0.613
Other operations	7 (9.0)	15 (6.4)	0.444
Pancreatic surgery	4 (5.1)	4 (1.7)	0.098
Postoperative factors
Pain (NRS score ≥ 1)	1 (1.3)	13 (5.5)	0.114
Poor drainage	1 (1.3)	0	0.083

PPC: Postoperative pulmonary complication; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; NRS: Numeric Rating Scale.