Epidemiology and risk of pulmonary complications following hepatobiliary surgical procedures: A retrospective study

Table 2 Comparison of baseline characteristics between the non-postoperative pulmonary complication and postoperative pulmonary complication groups, n (%)

Variable	PPC (n = 78)	Non-PPC (n = 234)	P value
Demographics
Sex (male)	56 (71.2)	145(62.0)	0.116
Age (years)	59 (24-90)	56 (23-87)	0.03
Height (cm)	167 (145-185)	167 (150-185)	0.663
Weight (kg)	63 (36.5-95)	64 (37-99)	0.688
BMI (kg/m2)	22.6 (16.22, 34.67)	23.0 (14.6, 38.11)	0.279
Preoperative status
Smoking	8 (10)	26 (11)	0.834
Pathogenic colonization bacteria	11 (14.1)	18 (7.7)	0.091
Hemoglobin, mean ± SD	144.49 ± 23.13	119.68 ± 24.61	0.102
Platelet, mean ± SD	180.53 ± 86.59	196.06 ± 100.36	0.222
Albumin (g/L), mean ± SD	34.30 ± 5.52	37.88 ± 6.71	< 0.001
TBIL (μmol/L)	17.75 (4.0-504.9)	13.8 (2.5-476.3)	0.038
DBIL (μmol/L)	11.4 (1.7-507)	6.6 (1.6-401.2)	0.002
AST (U/L)	43.35 (10.10-3421.10)	29 (9.4-3435.4)	0.002
ALT (U/L)	41.95 (5.6-1617.4)	24.8 (5.0-2004.9)	0.003
Comorbidities
Hypertension	24 (30.8)	62 (26.5)	0.464
Diabetes mellitus	0	29 (12.4)	0.001
HBV infection	18 (23.1)	48 (20.5)	0.631
Liver cirrhosis	10 (12.8)	40 (17.1)	0.373
Heart failure	1 (1.3)	2 (0.9)	0.738
History of stroke	1 (1.3)	13 (5.5)	0.114
COPD	0	5 (2.13)	0.193

PPC: Postoperative pulmonary complication; BMI: Body mass index; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.