Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related adverse events: What is the role of surgery today?

Figure 2 Algorithmic approach to the management of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related perforations, outlining diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Treatment options include endoscopic interventions (through the scope and over the scope clipping), conservative management (nasogastric/nasojejunal tube placement, antibiotics, and fasting), and advanced techniques such as endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage or surgical intervention for severe cases. ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; TTS: Through the scope; OTS: Over the scope; NG: Nasogastric; NJ: Nasojejunal; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound.