Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related adverse events: What is the role of surgery today?

Figure 1 Algorithmic approach to post-sphincterotomy bleeding, outlining the management strategies for complete sphincterotomy-related bleeding and massive bleeding. Treatment options include balloon tamponade, epinephrine injection, mechanical therapies (through-the-scope clip, metal stent), thermal therapy, angiography, embolisation, and surgical ligation when necessary. TTSC: Through-the-scope clip.