Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related adverse events: What is the role of surgery today?

doi:10.4240/wjgs.v17.i7.107385

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Jul 27, 2025 (publication date) through Jul 29, 2025

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery

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1948-9366

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastrointest Surg. Jul 27, 2025; 17(7): 107385
Published online Jul 27, 2025. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i7.107385

Table 2 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography perforations

Type of perforation	Stapfer (most used)	Howart	Incidence
Type I	Duodenal wall perforation (by endoscope)	Duodenal perforation remote from papilla	18%
Type II	Periampullary perforation (precut/sphincterotomy)	Periampullary retroperitoneal perforation	58%
Type III	Biliary or pancreatic duct perforation (by intraductal instrumentation)	Guidewire related perforation	13%
Type IV	Retroperitoneal gas alone	-	11%

Classification of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related perforations according to the Stapfer and Howart systems, including incidence rates. This table highlights the different types of perforations based on their anatomical location and mechanism of injury, providing a comparative perspective between the two classification methods.

Citation: Tarallo M, Crocetti D, Coppola A, Iannone I, Lamazza A, Sapienza P, Fiori E. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related adverse events: What is the role of surgery today? World J Gastrointest Surg 2025; 17(7): 107385
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v17/i7/107385.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v17.i7.107385