Machine learning-based radiomic nomogram from unenhanced computed tomography and clinical data predicts bowel resection in incarcerated inguinal hernia

Table 1 Patient’s characteristics, mean ± SD/n (%)

Clinical features	Training set (n = 161)		P value	Test set (n = 53)		P value
	Bowel resection (n = 41)	No bowel resection (n = 120)		Bowel resection (n = 15)	No bowel resection (n = 38)
Age (years)	72.15 ± 12.73	68.13 ± 18.16	0.306	63.53 ± 12.49	61.87 ± 15.26	0.898
Gender (male)	33 (80.5)	105 (87.5)	0.396	12 (80.0)	29 (76.3)	0.990
BMI (kg/m2)	23.52 ± 3.69	22.68 ± 3.32	0.177	22.73 ± 3.44	21.68 ± 2.81	0.254
ASA (%)			0.575			0.642
II	15 (36.6)	46 (38.3)		3 (20.0)	12 (31.6)
III	19 (46.3)	61 (50.8)		9 (60.0)	21 (55.3)
IV	7 (17.1)	13 (10.8)		3 (20.0)	5 (13.2)
Comorbidity (%)
Diabetes	3 (7.32)	7 (5.83)	0.999	3 (20.0)	2 (5.26)	0.258
Cardiovascular disease	10 (24.4)	18 (15.0)	0.258	5 (33.3)	6 (15.8)	0.297
Cerebrovascular disease	6 (14.6)	15 (12.5)	0.935	5 (33.3)	5 (13.2)	0.193
Respiratory disease	2 (4.9)	13 (10.8)	0.411	2 (13.3)	3 (7.9)	0.929
Malignant disease	3 (7.3)	12 (10.0)	0.842	0 (0.0)	5 (13.2)	0.340
Incarcerated time (> 4 hours)	32 (78.0)	73 (60.8)	0.046	13 (86.7)	22 (57.9)	0.046
Bowel obstruction	31 (75.6)	65 (54.3)	0.026	11 (73.3)	17 (44.7)	0.116
Peritonitis	34 (82.9)	67 (55.8)	0.004	12 (80.0)	19 (50.0)	0.092
Laboratory parameters
CRP (mg/L)	38.39 ± 33.04	24.25 ± 35.43	0.001	28.03 ± 25.10	18.11 ± 17.20	0.126
WBC (× 109/L)	8.97 ± 3.85	8.58 ± 4.10	0.555	9.47 ± 3.60	8.21 ± 3.01	0.319
PLT (× 109/L)	217.83 ± 76.33	209.47 ± 94.10	0.501	223.13 ± 60.23	236.26 ± 138.80	0.953
ALB (g/L)	35.72 ± 9.54	38.46 ± 7.66	0.156	38.11 ± 7.05	39.39 ± 6.95	0.521
HB (g/L)	132.44 ± 26.10	138.81 ± 19.77	0.095	131.47 ± 24.98	132.00 ± 17.89	0.921
D-D (μg/L)	1003.41 ± 776.70	665.61 ± 611.18	0.001	1011.33 ± 483.38	842.11 ± 470.08	0.213
Surgical approaches
High ligation	18 (43.9)	8 (6.7)	0.000	5 (33.3)	5 (13.2)	0.091
Bassini	17 (41.5)	18 (15.0)	0.001	6 (40.0)	7 (18.4)	0.100
Lichtenstein	6 (14.6)	90 (75.0)	0.000	4 (26.7)	24 (63.2)	0.017
TAPP	0 (0.0)	4 (3.3)	0.236	0 (0.0)	2 (5.3)	0.365
Patch repair	6 (14.6)	94 (78.3)	0.000	4 (26.7)	26 (68.4)	0.006
Complications
Incision infection	6 (14.6)	6 (5.0)	0.043	3 (20)	2 (5.3)	0.098
Effusion or hematoma	2 (4.9)	14 (11.7)	0.210	2 (13.3)	3 (7.9)	0.542
Atelectasis	1 (2.4)	4 (3.3)	0.776	0 (0.0)	2 (5.3)	0.365
Uroschesis	3 (7.3)	5 (4.2)	0.423	2 (13.3)	1 (2.6)	0.129
Abdominal abscess	3 (7.3)	0 (0.0)	0.015	1 (6.7)	0 (0.0)	0.108
Duration of hospitalization (day)	8.29 ± 3.66	7.43 ± 3.18	0.152	9.93 ± 5.37	7.84 ± 3.28	0.090

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; HB: Hemoglobin; WBC: White blood cell; PLT: Platelet; ALB: Albumin; CRP: C-reactive protein; D-D: D-dimer; TAPP: Transabdominal preperitoneal patch plasty.