Comparison of three reconstruction techniques performed after pancreaticoduodenectomy: Using external, internal, or no stent

Table 2 Perioperative variables and histological features among the three groups, n (%)

Variable/feature	EDS group (n = 129)	IDS group (n = 71)	NDS group (n = 44)	P value
Duration of surgery, minutes	370 (190-590)	430 (300-748)	415 (240-710)	0.001
Patient transfused	14 (10.6)	19 (26.8)	6 (13.6)	0.036
Surgical findings/techniques
Caliber of Wirsung duct, mm	3.5 (1-13)	3 (2-10)	5 (1-17)	0.001
Consistency of the pancreas				< 0.001
Hard	60 (46.5)	20 (28.2)	31 (70.5)
Soft	38 (29.5)	16 (22.5)	5 (11.4)
Normal	31 (24)	35 (49.3)	8 (18.1)
Pylorus preservation	55 (42.6)	41 (57.7)	26 (59.1)	0.051
Vascular resection	12 (9.3)	6 (8.5)	5 (11.4)	0.872
Type of reconstruction				0.119
One intestinal loop	99 (76.7)	64 (90.1)	37 (86)
Two intestinal loops	30 (23.3)	7 (9.9)	6 (14)
Histological features
Type of tumor				0.558
Adenocarcinoma	89 (68.9)	50 (70.4)	29 (65.9)
Cholangiocarcinoma	10 (7.7)	4 (5.6)	3 (6.8)
Neuroendocrine	6 (4.6)	4 (5.6)	4 (9.1)
Other	24 (18.6)	13 (18.3)	8 (18.2)
Degree of differentiation				0.991
Good	32 (24.8)	17 (23.9)	11 (25)
Moderate	45 (34.9)	30 (42.3)	20 (45.5)
Poor	19 (14.7)	12 (16.9)	7 (15.9)
Not valuable	33 (25.6)	12 (16.9)	6 (13.6)
Tumor invasion				0.339
In situ	2 (1.5)	1 (1.4)	2 (4.5)
< 2 cm	20 (15.5)	14 (19.7)	10 (22.7)
> 2 cm, limited to pancreas	36 (27.9)	28 (39.4)	10 (22.7)
Peripancreatic invasion	44 (34.1)	20 (18.2)	17 (38.6)
Invasion at CA or SMA	6 (4.6)	1 (1.4)	0 (0)
Lymph node invasion	71 (55)	38 (53.5)	25 (56.8)	0.938
Number of resected nodes	15 (11-38)	15 (10-53)	13 (8-78)	0.602
Number of positive nodes	1 (0-11)	1 (0-14)	1.5 (0-8)	0.707
Macrovascular invasion	18 (13.9)	12 (16.9)	8 (18.2)	0.961
Microvascular invasion	48 (37.2)	27 (38)	16 (36.4)	0.961
Neural invasion	61 (47.3)	35 (49.3)	16 (36.4)	0.228
R0 resection	84 (65.1)	48 (67.6)	24 (54.5)	0.361
Tumor staging
IA	7 (6.7)	8 (13.1)	4 (10.3)
IB	8 (7.6)	11 (18)	0 (0)
IIA	11 (10.5)	5 (8.2)	7 (17.9)
IIB	41 (39)	15 (24.6)	17 (43.6)
III	15 (14.3)	11 (18)	3 (7.7)
IV	4 (3.8)	2 (3.3)	2 (5.1)

EDS: External duct stent; IDS: Internal duct stent; NDS: Non-ductal stent; CA: Celiac artery; SMA: Superior mesenteric artery.