Comparison of three reconstruction techniques performed after pancreaticoduodenectomy: Using external, internal, or no stent

Table 1 The preoperative characteristics of patients in the three groups who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, n (%)

Characteristics	EDS group (n = 129)	IDS group (n = 71)	NDS group (n = 44)	P value
Age, years	68 (45-86)	64 (17-85)	66 (16-89)	0.091
Sex, male/female	65/64 (50.4/ 49.6)	43/28 (60.6/39.4)	24/20 (54.5/45.5)	0.384
ASA score				0.652
I-II	62 (48.1)	38 (53.6)	22 (50)
III-IV	67 (51.9)	33 (46.4)	22 (50)
Body mass index, kg/m2	24.6 (16-41)	25.2 (14-43.3)	24.5 (18-36.3)	0.760
Comorbidities
Cardiovascular	68 (52.7)	32 (45.1)	22 (50)	0.124
Hypertension	59 (45.7)	31 (43.7)	16 (36.4)	0.556
Smoker	28 (21.7)	17 (23.9)	8 (18.2)	0.887
Diabetes	27 (20.9)	23 (32.4)	14 (31.8)	0.109
Pulmonary	24 (18.6)	18 (25.3)	8 (18.2)	0.096
Tumor	19 (14.7)	9 (12.7)	8 (18.2)	0.549
Alcohol use	18 (14)	10 (14.1)	4 (9.1)	0.886
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy	19 (14.7)	7 (9.9)	2 (4.5)	0.165
Clinical
Jaundice	84 (65.1)	42 (59.2)	24 (54.5)	0.412
Weight loss	72 (55.8)
Abdominal pain	62 (48.1)	25 (35.2)	18 (40.9)	0.204
Cholangitis	24 (18.6)	13 (18.3)	8 (18.2)	0.997
Preoperative pancreatitis	10 (7.8)	6 (8.5)	12 (27.3)	0.001
Duodenal obstruction	9 (7)	4 (5.6)	0 (0)	0.203
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding	8 (6.2)	3 (4.2)	2 (4.5)	0.811
Diagnostic examinations/findings
CT scan	126 (97.7)	69 (97.2)	43 (97.7)	0.973
MRI	91 (70.5)	53 (74.6)	30 (68.2)	0.728
Endoscopic ultrasound	73 (56.6)	49 (69)	27 (61.4)	0.226
ERCP	64 (49.6)	38 (53.5)	23 (52.3)	0.886
PTHC	19 (14.7)	8 (11.3)	3 (6.8)	0.368
Tumor size, cm	2.2 (0.1-6)	2.1 (0.2-7.1)	2 (0.2-5.5)	0.653
Bile duct size, cm	1.2 (0.3-2.5)	1.2 (0.2-2.4)	1 (0.2-3.1)	0.303
Preoperative biliary stent				0.127
No stent	78 (60.5)	37 (52.1)	23 (52.3)
Stent	51 (39.5)	34 (47.9)	21 (47.7)
Laboratory findings
Hemoglobin, g/dL	13.1 (9.1-17.2)	12.6 (10-16)	13 (11.2-16)	0.401
Platelet count, × 103	238 (59-431)	236 (130-487)	227 (80-390)	0.103
INR	1 (0.7-1.34)	1.02 (0.89-1.26)	1 (0.87-1.47)	0.664
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.78 (0.38-1.62)	0.76 (0.52-2.48)	0.77 (0.53-2.15)	0.379
Glycemia, mg/dL	105 (56-304)	92 (77-107)	120 (76-267)	0.401
Bilirubin, mg/dL	2.7 (0.2-26)	1.2 (0.2-2.4)	4.2 (0.2-28.9)	0.475
GOT, IU/L	60 (14-571)	63 (17-372)	79 (12-1140)	0.658
GPT, IU/L	226 (10-2246)	281 (9-1877)	228 (8-1407)	0.877
GGT, IU/L	76 (13-584)	117 (13-933)	89 (9-1682)	0.554
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L	274 (39-2262)	191 (42-1378)	359 (31-1441)	0.799
CA19-9, U/mL	75.4 (3-13950)	28.1 (21-950)	16.5 (10-1052)	0.004
CEA, ng/mL	2.7 (0.1-831)	0.53 (0-33.7)	2.8 (0.7-48)	0.313
Cytology	23 (17.8)	10 (14.1)	5 (11.4)	0.545

EDS: External duct stent; IDS: Internal duct stent; NDS: Non-ductal stent; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; CA: Carbohydrate antigen; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CT: Computed tomography; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; GOT: Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; GPT: Glutamic pyruvic transaminase; INR: International normalized ratio; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; PTHC: Percutaneous transparietohepatic cholangiography.