Case Control Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Surg. Jun 27, 2025; 17(6): 104652
Published online Jun 27, 2025. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i6.104652
Table 1 The preoperative characteristics of patients in the three groups who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, n (%)
Characteristics
EDS group (n = 129)
IDS group (n = 71)
NDS group (n = 44)
P value
Age, years68 (45-86)64 (17-85)66 (16-89)0.091
Sex, male/female65/64 (50.4/ 49.6)43/28 (60.6/39.4)24/20 (54.5/45.5)0.384
ASA score0.652
I-II62 (48.1)38 (53.6)22 (50)
III-IV67 (51.9)33 (46.4)22 (50)
Body mass index, kg/m224.6 (16-41)25.2 (14-43.3)24.5 (18-36.3)0.760
Comorbidities
Cardiovascular68 (52.7)32 (45.1)22 (50)0.124
Hypertension59 (45.7)31 (43.7)16 (36.4)0.556
Smoker28 (21.7)17 (23.9)8 (18.2)0.887
Diabetes27 (20.9)23 (32.4)14 (31.8)0.109
Pulmonary24 (18.6)18 (25.3)8 (18.2)0.096
Tumor19 (14.7)9 (12.7)8 (18.2)0.549
Alcohol use18 (14)10 (14.1)4 (9.1)0.886
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy19 (14.7)7 (9.9)2 (4.5)0.165
Clinical
Jaundice84 (65.1)42 (59.2)24 (54.5)0.412
Weight loss72 (55.8)
Abdominal pain62 (48.1)25 (35.2)18 (40.9)0.204
Cholangitis24 (18.6)13 (18.3)8 (18.2)0.997
Preoperative pancreatitis10 (7.8)6 (8.5)12 (27.3)0.001
Duodenal obstruction9 (7)4 (5.6)0 (0)0.203
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding8 (6.2)3 (4.2)2 (4.5)0.811
Diagnostic examinations/findings
CT scan126 (97.7)69 (97.2)43 (97.7)0.973
MRI91 (70.5)53 (74.6)30 (68.2)0.728
Endoscopic ultrasound73 (56.6)49 (69)27 (61.4)0.226
ERCP64 (49.6)38 (53.5)23 (52.3)0.886
PTHC19 (14.7)8 (11.3)3 (6.8)0.368
Tumor size, cm2.2 (0.1-6)2.1 (0.2-7.1)2 (0.2-5.5)0.653
Bile duct size, cm1.2 (0.3-2.5)1.2 (0.2-2.4)1 (0.2-3.1)0.303
Preoperative biliary stent0.127
No stent78 (60.5)37 (52.1)23 (52.3)
Stent51 (39.5)34 (47.9)21 (47.7)
Laboratory findings
Hemoglobin, g/dL13.1 (9.1-17.2)12.6 (10-16)13 (11.2-16)0.401
Platelet count, × 103238 (59-431)236 (130-487)227 (80-390)0.103
INR1 (0.7-1.34)1.02 (0.89-1.26)1 (0.87-1.47)0.664
Creatinine, mg/dL0.78 (0.38-1.62)0.76 (0.52-2.48)0.77 (0.53-2.15)0.379
Glycemia, mg/dL105 (56-304)92 (77-107)120 (76-267)0.401
Bilirubin, mg/dL2.7 (0.2-26)1.2 (0.2-2.4)4.2 (0.2-28.9)0.475
GOT, IU/L60 (14-571)63 (17-372)79 (12-1140)0.658
GPT, IU/L226 (10-2246)281 (9-1877)228 (8-1407)0.877
GGT, IU/L76 (13-584)117 (13-933)89 (9-1682)0.554
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L274 (39-2262)191 (42-1378)359 (31-1441)0.799
CA19-9, U/mL75.4 (3-13950)28.1 (21-950)16.5 (10-1052)0.004
CEA, ng/mL2.7 (0.1-831)0.53 (0-33.7)2.8 (0.7-48)0.313
Cytology23 (17.8)10 (14.1)5 (11.4)0.545