Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Surg. May 27, 2025; 17(5): 102335
Published online May 27, 2025. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v17.i5.102335
Table 1 Baseline characteristics in non-post-hepatectomy liver failure and post-hepatectomy liver failure groups, n (%)
Variable
Total (n = 285)
Non-PHLF (n = 221)
PHLF (n = 64)
P value
Preoperative risk factors
Gender---0.008
Male141 (49.5)100 (45.2)41 (64.1)-
Female144 (50.5)121 (54.8)23 (35.9)-
Age (years)54.0 (48.0-61.0)54.0 (47.0-61.0)55.0 (49.0-62.0)0.264
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD22.5 ± 2.822.3 ± 2.822.9 ± 3.00.197
LOS (d), mean ± SD18.1 ± 7.516.6 ± 5.923.2 ± 9.8< 0.001
History of hepatitis---0.046
No198 (69.5)160 (72.4)38 (59.4)-
Yes87 (30.5)61 (27.6)26 (40.6)-
Cirrhosis---< 0.001
No203 (71.2)174 (78.7)29 (45.3)-
Yes82 (28.8)47 (21.3)35 (54.7)-
Jaundice---0.001
No254 (89.1)204 (92.3)50 (78.1)-
Yes31 (10.9)17 (7.7)14 (21.9)
Ascites---0.263
No252 (89.7)197 (90.8)55 (85.9)-
Yes29 (10.3)20 (9.2)9 (14.1)-
Child-Pugh score---< 0.001
5211 (74.0)174 (78.7)37 (57.8)-
645 (15.8)34 (15.4)11 (17.2)-
721 (7.4)9 (4.1)12 (18.8)-
86 (2.1)3 (1.4)3 (4.7)-
92 (0.7)1 (0.5)1 (1.6)-
Cause of liver resection---< 0.001
Tumor122 (42.8)81 (36.7)41 (64.1)-
Other163(57.2)140 (63.3)23(35.9)
TC (mmol/L)4.4 ± 1.14.4 ± 1.04.2 ± 1.40.299
LDL-C (mmol/L)2.6 (2.1-3.2)2.6 (2.1-3.2)2.4 (2.1-3.0)0.206
TG (mmol/L)1.2 (0.8-1.8)1.2 (0.8-1.8)1.0 (0.8-1.6)0.515
Neutrophils (109/L)3.4 (2.6-4.6)3.5 (2.6-4.7)3.2 (2.5- 4.4)0.332
Lymphocytes (109/L), mean ± SD1.6 ± 0.61.7 ± 0.61.4 ± 0.50.004
Leukocytes (109/L)5.7 (4.6-7.1)5.8 (4.7-7.2)5.3 (4.3-6.7)0.059
Platelets (109/L)200.5 (149.0-264.0)213.0 (163.0-264.0)153.0 (108.0-249.5)< 0.001
Hemoglobin (g/L)128.4 ± 18.4128.7 ± 16.4127.3 ± 24.10.596
Albumin (g/L)40.6 ± 5.141.2 ± 4.938.4 ± 5.1< 0.001
TBIL (μmol/L)14.9 (11.4-20.8)14.5 (11.0-20.2)17.0 (12.4-29.7)0.012
DBIL (μmol/L)5.0 (3.7-7.7)4.8 (3.6-7.2)5.5 (4.2-12.3)0.005
ALT (U/L)31.4 (19.0-56.4)28.8 (18.0-50.7)46.3 (28.1-66.5)0.001
AST (U/L)28.4 (21.8-45.2)26.2 (20.8-39.2)38.8 (28.7-52.6)< 0.001
Intraoperative risk factors
Operation mode---0.611
Laparoscopic153 (53.7)122 (55.2)31 (48.4)-
Open119 (41.8)89 (40.3)30 (46.9)-
Conversion from laparoscopic to open13 (4.6)10 (4.5)3 (4.7)-
Extensive resection---0.09
No160 (56.1)130 (58.8)30 (46.9)-
Yes125 (43.9)91 (41.2)34 (53.1)-
Operation time (min)327.7 ± 154.9306.2 ± 134.4401.8 ± 194.4< 0.001
Liver blockage time (min)41.0 (22.0-72.0)38.0 (21.0-63.0)58.0 (24.0-95.0)0.003
Number of blocks3.0 (1.0-4.0)2.0 (1.0-4.0)4.0 (2.0-6.0)0.002
Total amount volume (mL), mean ± SD2684.2 ± 1155.32490.7 ± 901.63352.6 ± 1610.2< 0.001
Blood loss volume (mL)200.0 (100.0-400.0)200.0 (100.0-300.0)300.0 (200.0-800.0)< 0.001
Infusion of blood products---0.001
No254 (89.1)204 (92.3)50 (78.1)-
Yes31 (10.9)17 (7.7)14 (21.9)-
Urine volume (mL)500.0 (300.0-950.0)500.0 (300.0-800.0)700.0 (362.5-1137.5)0.001
Infusion of albumin---0.523
No71 (24.9)57 (25.8)14 (21.9)-
Yes214 (75.1)164 (74.2)50 (78.1)-
Pre-blocking PCO2 (mmHg)42.0 (37.0-48.0)43.0 (37.0-48.0)42.0 (37.0-49.0)0.91
Post-blocking PCO2 (mmHg)43.0 (36.0-49.0)43.5 (36.0-48.2)43.0 (37.0-50.0)0.535
Pre-blocking potassium (mmol/L)3.7 (3.4-4.0)3.6 (3.4-3.9)3.7 (3.5-4.0)0.15
Post-blocking potassium (mmol/L)4.0 ± 0.63.9 ± 0.64.3 ± 0.6< 0.001
Pre-blocking glucose (mmol/L)5.8 (5.2-6.8)5.8 (5.2-6.7)6.2 (5.4-7.3)0.25
Post-blocking glucose (mmol/L)9.2 (7.0-11.1)8.9 (7.0-11.0)9.3 (7.0-11.0)0.768
Pre-blocking lactic acid (mmol/L)0.8 (0.6-1.2)0.8 (0.6-1.2)1.0 (0.7-1.4)0.019
Post-blocking lactic acid (mmol/L)1.6 (1.1-2.3)1.4 (1.0-2.0)2.0 (1.3-3.0)< 0.001
PHLF: Post-hepatectomy liver failure; BMI: Body mass index; LOS: Length of stay; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.