Nomogram for prediction of six-month mortality following endovascular treatment of delayed post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage

Table 3 Angiographic findings, embolization strategies, and clinical outcomes in patients with delayed post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage, n (%)

Characteristic	Total	PPH survival group	PPH mortality group	P value
Bleeding site on angiogram	92 (100)	68 (73.9)	24 (26.1)
Negative	18 (20.5)	15 (23.4)	3 (12.5)	0.376
Common hepatic artery	23 (26.1)	13 (20.3)	10 (41.7)	0.057
Stump of gastroduodenal artery	16 (18.2)	11 (17.2)	5 (20.8)	0.759
SMA	8 (9.1)	7 (10.9)	1 (4.2)	0.438
Proper hepatic artery	13 (14.8)	10 (15.6)	3 (12.5)	1
Right hepatic artery	3 (3.4)	2 (3.1)	1 (4.2)	1
Left hepatic artery	4 (4.5)	3 (4.7)	1 (4.2)	1
Left gastric artery	5 (5.7)	5 (7.8)	0 (0)	0.317
Splenic artery	1 (1.1)	1 (1.6)	0 (0)	1
Pancreaticoduodenal artery	1 (1.1)	1 (1.6)	0 (0)	1
Embolism site on angiogram	92 (100)	68 (73.9)	24 (26.1)
Conservative treatment	15 (17)	13 (20.3)	2 (8.3)	0.222
Common hepatic artery	47 (53.4)	30 (46.9)	17 (70.8)	0.056
Stump of gastroduodenal artery	1 (1.1)	1 (1.6)	0 (0)	1
SMA	7 (8)	7 (10.9)	0 (0)	0.183
Proper hepatic artery	7 (8)	5 (7.8)	2 (8.3)	1
Right hepatic artery	3 (3.4)	2 (3.1)	1 (4.2)	1
Left hepatic artery	3 (3.4)	2 (3.1)	1 (4.2)	1
Left gastric artery	7 (8)	6 (9.4)	1 (4.2)	0.669
Splenic artery	1 (1.1)	1 (1.6)	0 (0)	1
Pancreaticoduodenal artery	1 (1.1)	1 (1.6)	0 (0)	1
Angiographic sign	103 (100)	73 (70.9)	30 (29.1)
Negative	16 (18.2)	15 (23.4)	1 (4.2)	0.059
Contrast medium overflow	31 (35.2)	17 (26.6)	14 (58.3)	0.011
Pseudoaneurysm	28 (31.8)	20 (31.2)	8 (33.3)	1
Vessel stenosis	18 (20.5)	12 (18.8)	6 (25)	0.559
Stump of gastroduodenal artery	8 (9.1)	7 (10.9)	1 (4.2)	0.438
Suspicious of contrast agent staining	2 (2.3)	2 (3.1)	0 (0)	1
Onset symptom of hemorrhage	126	88	38
Pseudoaneurysm detected on postoperative follow-up CT	3 (3.4)	3 (4.7)	0 (0)	0.559
Melena or/and hematemesis	33 (37.5)	24 (37.5)	9 (37.5)	1
Sentinel bleeding	56 (63.6)	41 (64.1)	15 (62.5)	1
Hemorrhagic shock	34 (38.6)	20 (31.2)	14 (58.3)	0.027
Strategy of embolization	88	64	24	0.18
Targeted embolization	58 (65.9)	39 (60.9)	19 (79.2)
Empiric embolization	11 (12.5)	8 (12.5)	3 (12.5)
No embolization	19 (21.6)	17 (26.6)	2 (8.3)
Embolic material	74	51	23
Coils	60 (68.2)	40 (62.5)	20 (83.3)	0.075
Stent	8 (9.1)	7 (10.9)	1 (4.2)	0.438
Gelatin sponges	4 (4.5)	3 (4.7)	1 (4.2)	1
NBCA	2 (2.3)	1 (1.6)	1 (4.2)	0.473
Number of post-Whipple open abdominal surgeries				0.068
None	51 (58)	41 (64.1)	10 (41.7)
One time	32 (36.4)	21 (32.8)	11 (45.8)
Two times	5 (5.7)	2 (3.1)	3 (12.5)
Tech success	81 (92)	60 (93.8)	21 (87.5)	0.385
Clinical success	53 (60.2)	46 (71.9)	7 (29.2)	< 0.001
Re-bleeding	20 (22.7)	14 (21.9)	6 (25)	0.779

SMA: Superior mesenteric artery; CT: Computed tomography; NBCA: N-butyl cyanoacrylate; PPH: Post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage.