Nomogram for prediction of six-month mortality following endovascular treatment of delayed post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage

Table 2 Patient demographics and perioperative characteristics stratified by survival outcome, mean ± SD/n (%)/median (interquartile range)

Characteristic	Total (n = 88)	PPH survival group (n = 64)	PPH mortality group (n = 24)	P value
Age, years	64.0 ± 9.9	62.6 ± 9.9	67.6 ± 9	0.028
Gender				0.218
Male	56 (63.6)	38 (59.4)	18 (75)
Female	32 (36.4)	26 (40.6)	6 (25)
Hypertension	43 (48.9)	35 (54.7)	8 (33.3)	0.095
Diabetes	11 (12.5)	5 (7.8)	6 (25)	0.063
In-hospital days	45 (36.5-63.25)	50 (38-64.25)	39 (24.25-51.5)	0.01
Pathology diagnosis				0.223
PDCA	23 (26.1)	16 (25.0)	7 (29.2)
CBD cancer	34 (38.6)	21 (32.8)	13 (54.2)
Ampullary cancer	5 (5.7)	4 (6.2)	1 (4.2)
Duodenal cancer	13 (14.8)	10 (15.6)	3 (12.5)
Other malignancies	7 (8.0)	7 (10.9)	0 (0)
Other benign disease	6 (6.8)	6 (9.4)	0 (0)
Preoperative total bilirubin (mmol/L)	62.1 (19.8-127.2)	62.5 (19-131.1)	62.0 (20.7-119.5)	0.892
Preoperative direct bilirubin (mmol/L)	42.5 (14.2-101.1)	48.0 (13.6-108)	39.5 (17.1-72.2)	0.818
Operating duration (minutes)	655.0 (540.0-753.8)	610.0 (498.8-727.5)	697.5 (611.2-768.8)	0.065
Perioperative complications
POPF	58 (65.9)	38 (59.4)	20 (83.3)	0.044
Gastrointestinal fistula	5 (5.7)	4 (6.2)	1 (4.2)	1
Bile leakage	5 (5.7)	9 (14.1)	5 (20.8)	0.516
Intra-abdominal infection	43 (48.9)	27 (42.2)	16 (66.7)	0.056
Hemorrhage details
Bleeding latency, days	15 (11-23)	15 (10-23)	17.5 (13.2-19.5)	0.422
Hemoglobin concentration(g/L)	74.7 ± 15.7	75.2 ± 14.8	73.5 ± 18.3	0.688
PLT (109/L)	250.6 ± 101.9	262.2 ± 90.8	219.5 ± 123.7	0.133
APTT (s)	32.8 (27.6-41.8)	32.3 (26.5-39.3)	37.1 (30.2-49.8)	0.037
INR	1.2 (1.1-1.3)	1.1 (1.1-1.2)	1.3 (1.2-1.7)	< 0.001
Coagulopathy	31 (35.2)	17 (26.6)	14 (58.3)	0.011
Severity of PPH				0.088
Grade B	36 (40.9)	30 (46.9)	6 (25)
Grade C	52 (59.1)	34 (53.1)	18 (75)

PDCA: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; CBD: Common bile duct; POPF: Postoperative pancreatic fistula; PLT: Platelet count; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; INR: International normalized ratio; PPH: Post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage.