Clinical utility of a novel concentrated enteral formula in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery: A randomized controlled trial

Table 5 Changes in various parameters

	Nutritional intervention group (n = 17)			Non-intervention group (n = 18)			Comparison of difference from pre-op to post-op between groups
	Pre-op	Post-op	P value1	Pre-op	Post-op	P value1	P value
WBC, ×103/μL, mean ± SD	4.56 ± 1.42	6.71 ± 3.13	0.0041	5.67 ± 1.72	7.40 ± 2.36	0.0154	0.6685
Neutro, %, mean ± SD	69.2 ± 7.0	69.8 ± 9.2	0.8050	68.0 ± 6.4	71.0 ± 6.8	0.1703	0.4236
Lympho, %, mean ± SD	21.6 ± 6.6	19.0 ± 7.7	0.1673	22.7 ± 6.4	18.9 ± 5.6	0.0289	0.5453
Mono, %, mean ± SD	5.65 ± 1.87	5.81 ± 1.85	0.7246	6.29 ± 1.08	5.99 ± 1.23	0.4306	0.4213
Eosino, %, geo-mean (CV)	2.37 (41.6)	3.98 (35.9)	0.0058	1.96 (47.5)	2.94 (46.0)	0.0704	0.4393
Baso, %, mean ± SD	0.69 ± 0.39	0.67 ± 0.38	0.8978	0.63 ± 0.28	0.47 ± 0.21	0.0543	0.1971
RBC, ×106/μL, mean ± SD	3.83 ± 0.65	4.14 ± 0.63	0.0020	3.83 ± 0.59	4.10 ± 0.70	0.0048	0.7676
Hb, g/dL, mean ± SD	11.7 ± 1.8	12.6 ± 1.6	0.0038	11.7 ± 1.9	12.5 ± 2.2	0.0104	0.7380
HCT, %, mean ± SD	35.5 ± 5.2	38.0 ± 4.7	0.0052	35.4 ± 5.1	37.5 ± 5.9	0.0191	0.6707
PLT, ×103/μL, mean ± SD	197.6 ± 45.3	286.5 ± 69.4	< 0.0001	214.9 ± 74.3	306.0 ± 66.4	< 0.0001	0.9039
AST, U/L, geo-mean (CV)	15.4 (9.5)	20.2 (10.7)	0.0043	20.6 (14.0)	20.5 (12.4)	0.9598	0.0324
ALT, U/L, geo-mean (CV)	12.9 (15.8)	19.9 (19.9)	0.0041	18.4 (23.0)	21.4 (18.2)	0.2852	0.1556
ALP, U/L, mean ± SD	60.3 ± 18.6	76.5 ± 26.9	0.0005	64.8 ± 19.4	77.1 ± 24.2	0.0048	0.5161
CK, U/L, geo-mean (CV)	54.6 (9.5)	46.7 (14.7)	0.1557	68.0 (11.6)	43.1 (18.3)	0.0001	0.0558
Amylase, U/L, geo-mean (CV)	68.5 (9.8)	99.1 (18.5)	0.0038	47.8 (9.0)	55.5 (13.8)	0.2329	0.1966
Total bilirubin, mg/dL, mean ± SD	0.64 ± 0.28	0.52 ± 0.23	0.0341	0.73 ± 0.34	0.61 ± 0.27	0.0191	0.8955
Total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD	182.2 ± 38.0	189.4 ± 51.2	0.3596	161.2 ± 33.8	156.6 ± 30.4	0.3651	0.2008
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD	114.1 ± 36.4	116.8 ± 35.2	0.7775	94.7 ± 26.0	89.9 ± 26.5	0.4003	0.4243
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL, mean ± SD	44.7 ± 13.7	39.6 ± 12.8	0.0015	44.2 ± 12.4	38.8 ± 9.8	0.0008	0.8211
Triglyceride, mg/dL, mean ± SD	117.4 ± 51.5	133.3 ± 40.0	0.0704	111.9 ± 64.7	135.0 ± 43.9	0.0628	0.9739
Na, mmol/L, mean ± SD	140.9 ± 2.4	139.9 ± 2.3	0.2099	142.1 ± 2.0	139.1 ± 3.7	0.0002	0.0595
Cl, mmol/L, mean ± SD	106.9 ± 4.6	102.2 ± 3.0	0.0001	108.1 ± 3.2	102.7 ± 4.2	< 0.0001	0.6757
K, mmol/L, mean ± SD	3.71 ± 0.45	4.19 ± 0.39	0.0002	3.89 ± 0.43	4.37 ± 0.35	0.0001	0.9770
BUN, mg/dL, mean ± SD	11.3 ± 2.7	12.2 ± 3.4	0.5041	11.4 ± 3.7	14.6 ± 6.2	0.0116	0.1776
Creatinine, mg/dL, mean ± SD	0.75 ± 0.15	0.80 ± 0.15	0.0846	0.76 ± 0.21	0.81 ± 0.21	0.1388	0.8287
Total protein, g/dL, mean ± SD	5.62 ± 0.59	6.44 ± 0.48	< 0.0001	5.68 ± 0.67	6.45 ± 0.77	< 0.0001	0.8087
Albumin, g/dL	3.37 ± 0.43	3.51 ± 0.52	0.2014	3.43 ± 0.43	3.59 ± 0.54	0.1197	0.8595
eGFR, mL/minute/1.73 m2, mean ± SD	79.1 ± 13.4	73.2 ± 11.8	0.0638	80.3 ± 19.4	74.7 ± 16.3	0.0686	0.9499
CRP, mg/dL, geo-mean (CV)	0.08 (-39.9)	1.11 (1161.8)	< 0.0001	0.11 (-56.3)	1.03 (3756.7)	< 0.0001	0.4785
Glucose, mg/dL, mean ± SD	103.8 ± 16.8	103.1 ± 20.8	0.8662	107.2 ± 12.3	107.1 ± 18.1	0.9623	0.9323
Prealbumin, mg/dL, mean ± SD	22.2 ± 4.9	20.0 ± 5.3	0.1799	21.1 ± 6.4	20.4 ± 8.5	0.5151	0.6254
NK cell activity, %, mean ± SD	31.5 ± 10.7	28.9 ± 12.7	0.4505	38.1 ± 14.4	30.9 ± 18.5	0.0314	0.2922
CD4, %, mean ± SD	44.1 ± 12.1	42.1 ± 7.9	0.2782	44.9 ± 9.5	45.9 ± 9.7	0.8166	0.3551
CD8, %, mean ± SD	35.9 ± 11.2	33.2 ± 10.6	0.0446	30.8 ± 8.0	29.7 ± 9.2	0.3464	0.4438
CD4/CD8 ratio, mean ± SD	1.47 ± 0.75	1.43 ± 0.67	0.7161	1.57 ± 0.61	1.74 ± 0.73	0.1822	0.2268
INF-γ, IU/mL, mean ± SD	0.10 ± 0.00	0.11 ± 0.02	0.7982	0.13 ± 0.12	0.11 ± 0.05	0.5087	0.5170
TNF-α, IU/mL, geo-mean (CV)	0.66 (-262.8)	0.93 (300.8)	0.0002	0.68 (-311.3)	0.93 (190.0)	0.0028	0.5537
Body composition analysis
BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD	21.3 ± 3.4	20.8 ± 3.4	0.0010	23.6 ± 3.9	22.8 ± 3.8	< 0.0001	0.4039
Weight, kg, mean ± SD	59.7 ± 13.1	58.4 ± 12.7	0.0010	65.6 ± 12.9	63.1 ± 12.3	< 0.0001	0.4015
Muscle mass, kg, mean ± SD	42.8 ± 8.2	42.4 ± 7.6	0.4376	44.6 ± 8.8	43.1 ± 9.5	0.0989	0.5402
Lean body mass, kg, mean ± SD	45.3 ± 8.6	44.9 ± 8.0	0.4543	47.2 ± 9.2	45.7 ± 9.9	0.1363	0.6074
Body fat, kg, mean ± SD	14.3 ± 6.6	13.5 ± 6.6	0.1630	18.4 ± 6.9	17.4 ± 6.2	0.1255	0.9494
Skeletal muscle mass	24.7 ± 5.2	24.4 ± 4.9	0.3361	25.9 ± 5.7	25.0 ± 6.2	0.1338	0.7156
Skeletal muscle index	6.91 ± 1.14	6.81 ± 0.95	0.4287	7.24 ± 1.13	6.93 ± 1.19	0.0753	0.4861
CONUT score	4.1 ± 2.5	3.6 ± 2.6	0.4145	3.7 ± 1.9	3.4 ± 2.1	0.7999	0.6870

¹Comparison between pre-operation and post-operation.

WBC: White blood cell; RBC: Red blood cell; Hb: Hemoglobin: HCT: Hematocrit; PLT: Platelet; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase: CK: Creatine kinase; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoprotein; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; NK: Natural killer; INF-γ: Interferon gamma; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor alpha; BMI: Body mass index; COUNT: Controlling Nutrition Status.