Effects of Chinese acupuncture on nausea and vomiting after cholecystectomy: A retrospective study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in four groups, mean ± SD/n (%)

Characteristics	Laparoscopic acupuncture group (n = 90)	Laparoscopic control group (n = 90)	Open acupuncture group (n = 30)	Open control group (n = 30)	Statistical value	P value
Age (years)	48.3 ± 12.7	49.1 ± 13.2	50.2 ± 11.8	49.8 ± 12.3	F = 0.847	0.469
Female	56 (62.2)	57 (63.3)	20 (66.7)	19 (65.0)	χ² = 0.325	0.955
BMI (kg/m2)	23.6 ± 3.2	23.8 ± 3.1	24.1 ± 3.3	23.9 ± 3.0	F = 0.762	0.516
ASA I classification	52 (57.8)	50 (55.6)	16 (53.3)	15 (51.7)	χ² = 0.414	0.937
Apfel score	2.7 ± 0.8	2.8 ± 0.7	2.9 ± 0.6	2.8 ± 0.7	F = 0.628	0.598
Surgery duration (minutes)	86.5 ± 24.7	88.3 ± 26.2	112.6 ± 32.8	116.4 ± 35.2	F = 14.216	0.062
Anesthesia duration (minutes)	115.3 ± 28.5	118.7 ± 30.1	138.4 ± 38.7	142.5 ± 40.3	F = 13.472	0.073

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.