Comparative clinical efficacy of three surgical modalities for the treatment of malignant tumours of the left hemicolon

Table 3 Short-term postoperative outcomes, mean ± SD/median (25^th-75^th percentiles)

Characteristic	Overall	HALS	CLS	RAS	P value	SMD
n	224	35	95	94
Duration of surgery (min)	177.81 ± 43.04	175.23 ± 36.29	184.10 ± 42.83	172.42 ± 45.12	0.166	0.186
Amount of bleeding (mL)	160.86 ± 132.90	123.71 ± 71.54	162.71 ± 106.99	172.96 ± 168.19	0.172	0.294
Number of lymph nodes cleared	15.00 (11.00–20.00)	17.00 (12.00–21.00)	15.00 (12.00–19.50)	15.00 (10.00–20.00)	0.478	0.213
D1.WC (× 109/L)	9.15 (7.36–11.23)	7.86 (6.30–10.66)	9.47 (7.90–11.07)	9.16 (7.11–11.60)	0.203	0.246
D1.NE (× 109/L)	7.70 (6.06–9.68)	6.30 (4.77–9.51)	7.66 (6.46–9.49)	8.02 (6.15–10.22)	0.210	0.259
D1.LYM (× 109/L)	0.73 (0.53–0.97)	0.74 (0.48–0.92)	0.76 (0.58–1.04)	0.67 (0.53–0.94)	0.247	0.241
D1.CRP (× 109/L)	41.23 (22.65–69.74)	48.72 (24.92–74.72)	42.17 (25.84–71.86)	30.82 (13.54–57.68)	0.348	0.153
D4.WC (× 109/L)	6.66 (5.58–8.25)	5.76 (5.03–7.52)	6.58 (5.47–7.98)	7.27 (6.23–9.44)	0.003	0.427
D4.NE (× 109/L)	5.17 (3.98–6.46)	4.43 (3.27–5.78)	5.03 (3.78–6.06)	5.67 (4.74–7.72)	0.002	0.309
D4.LYM (× 109/L)	0.86 (0.64–1.13)	0.83 (0.66–0.99)	0.92 (0.69–1.22)	0.81 (0.60–1.04)	0.109	0.255
D4.CRP (mg/L)	68.57 ± 38.05	80.11 ± 42.04	59.35 ± 37.05	76.31 ± 34.61	0.084	0.365
Length of postoperative hospital stay (days)	8.00 (7.00–10.00)	7.00 (6.00–8.00)	9.00 (8.00–11.00)	8.00 (7.00–10.00)	< 0.001	0.444
Postoperative recovery time of gastrointestinal function (days)	5.00 (4.00–6.00)	4.00 (3.00–5.00)	5.00 (4.50–6.00)	5.00 (4.00–6.00)	< 0.001	0.597
Duration of postoperative use of pain medication (days)	4.00 (3.00–5.00)	4.00 (3.00–5.00)	4.00 (3.00–5.00)	4.00 (3.00–5.00)	0.248	0.155
Hospitalization costs (USD)	8987.40 ± 2318.62	8214.99 ± 1584.15	8534.28 ± 1513.88	9723.30 ± 2934.85	<0.001	0.452

USD: United States Dollar; HALS; Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery; CLS: Conventional laparoscopic surgery; RAS: Robotic-assisted surgery; D1: Postoperative day 1; D4: Postoperative day 4; WC: White blood cell; NE: Neutrophil; LYM: Lymphocyte; CRP: C-reactive protein.