Comparative clinical efficacy of three surgical modalities for the treatment of malignant tumours of the left hemicolon

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients, n (%)/mean ± SD

Characteristic	Overall	HALS	CLS	RAS	P value	SMD
n	224	35	95	94
Age (years)	58.59 ± 13.73	59.11 ± 12.31	58.58 ± 14.37	58.41 ± 13.70	0.968	0.035
Gender					0.078	0.282
Male	146 (65.2)	17 (48.6)	64 (67.4)	65 (69.1)
Female	78 (34.8)	18 (51.4)	31 (32.6)	29 (30.9)
Body mass index (kg/m2)	22.76 ± 3.09	23.36 ± 4.38	22.53 ± 2.88	22.76 ± 2.71	0.400	0.157
Tumor stage1	220	34	94	92	0.391	0.188
I	26 (11.8)	1 (2.9)	12 (12.8)	13 (14.1)
II	115 (52.3)	20 (58.8)	51 (54.3)	44 (47.8)
III	79 (35.9)	13 (38.2)	31 (32.9)	35 (38.1)
Tumor diameter (cm)	4.50 (3.23–6.00)	4.50 (3.10–5.50)	4.50 (3.50–6.42)	4.50 (3.00–6.00)	0.526	0.193
CEA (ng/mL)	3.18 (1.65–7.96)	2.72 (1.58–6.46)	3.91 (1.71–8.95)	2.77 (1.60–7.48)	0.487	0.052
CA19-9 (ng/mL)	10.89 (6.38–23.04)	12.20(8.25–29.50)	10.40(7.05–14.80)	9.30 (4.94–22.02)	0.310	10.472
CA125 (ng/mL)	12.25 (8.19–19.90)	11.84 (8.50–22.95)	13.00 (9.15–19.08)	12.20 (8.04–9.95)	0.812	0.138
AFP (ng/mL)	2.49 (1.87–3.52)	2.69 (2.33–3.45)	2.44 (1.78–3.19)	1.99 (1.41–2.86)	0.482	6.527
Presence of postoperative complications					0.936	0.043
Yes	35 (15.8)	6 (17.6)	14 (14.9)	15 (16.0)
No	187 (84.2)	28 (82.4)	80 (85.1)	79 (84.0)
Diabetes					0.917	0.053
Yes	36 (16.1)	5 (14.3)	15 (15.8)	16 (17.0)
No	188 (83.9)	30 (85.7)	80 (84.2)	78 (83.0)
Hypertension					0.276	0.216
Yes	56 (25.0)	5 (14.3)	26 (27.4)	25 (26.6)
No	168 (75.0)	30 (85.7)	69 (72.6)	69 (73.4)

¹According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual, 8^th edition.

HALS: Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery; CLS: Conventional laparoscopic surgery; RAS: Robotic-assisted surgery; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CA125: Cancer antigen 125; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein.