Retrospective investigation of risk factors for pancreatic fistula development after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Table 4 Univariate analysis results of risk factors related to postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy (International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery)

Index	Postoperative pancreatic fistula after PD surgery		Statistical value	P value
	Yes	No
Main pancreatic duct diameter			χ2 = 5.391	0.020
≤ 3 mm	39	90
> 3 mm	22	102
Main pancreatic duct index			χ2 = 11.39	0.001
≤ 0.25	47	101
> 0.25	14	91
Intra-abdominal fat thickness			χ2 = 8.899	0.003
≤ 65 mm	16	92
> 65 mm	45	100
Cutting edge pancreatic thickness (mm)	17.0 ± 4.2	14.5 ± 3.6	t = 2.665	0.009
Pancreatic CT value (HU)	36.2 ± 7.3	39.7 ± 8.8	t = -2.835	0.004
Portal vein invasion			χ2 = 0.672	0.412
Yes	2	14
No	59	178
Preoperative biliary drainage			χ2 = 2.933	0.087
Yes	11	19
No	50	173
Pancreatic cancer			χ2 = 1.721	0.190
Yes	18	41
No	43	151
Gender			χ2 = 0.720	0.396
Male	43	124
Female	18	68
Drinking alcohol			χ2 = 0.286	0.593
Yes	13	35
No	48	157
Smoking			χ2 = 0.020	0.887
Yes	27	83
No	34	109
Diabetes			χ2 = 0.283	0.595
Yes	12	44
No	49	148
Pancreatic intestinal anastomosis method			χ2 = 2.680	0.102
Pancreatic duct jejunal mucosa vs mucosa	7	40
Pancreatic intestinal end to side insertion	54	152
Age (years)	6 ± 8	60 ± 10	t = 1.246	0.215
BMI (kg/m2)	22.9 ± 4.3	23.3 ± 2.1	t = -0.738	0.534
Preoperative laboratory examination
White blood cells	6.2 ± 2.3	6.0 ± 1.7	t = 0.474	0.673
Platelets	230.9 ± 67.9	237.8 ± 73.2	t = -0.523	0.602
Albumin (g/L)	39.2 ± 4.3	39.0 ± 4.0	t = 0.303	0.762
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	127.1 (50.0-231.4)	121.5 (32.9-216.6)	U = -0.882	0.378
CA19-9 (U/mL)	97.4 (34.5-314.4)	80.9 (27.3-344.3)	U = -0.498	0.618
Serum amylase (IU/L)	24.0 (17.0-33.8)	30.0 (17.0-58.0)	U = -1.818	0.069

PD: Pancreaticoduodenectomy; CT: Computed tomography; HU: Hounsfield unit; BMI: Body mass index; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9.