Retrospective investigation of risk factors for pancreatic fistula development after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the modeling and validation sets, n (%)

Index	Modeling group (n = 253)	Validation group (n = 50)	P value
Gender			0.416
Male	167 (66.0)	30 (60.0)
Female	86 (34.0)	20 (40.0)
Age (years)	61 ± 9	62 ± 7	0.686
BMI (kg/m2)	23.1 ± 2.7	22.4 ± 3.3	0.312
Alcohol consumption			0.246
Yes	48 (19.0)	13 (26.0)
No	205 (81.0)	37 (74.0)
Smoking			0.846
Yes	110 (43.5)	21 (42.0)
No	143 (56.5)	29 (58.0)
Diabetes			0.983
Yes	56 (22.1)	11 (22.0)
No	197 (77.9)	39 (78.0)
Main pancreatic duct diameter (mm)	3.8 ± 2.1	3.7 ± 2.2	0.606
Cutting edge pancreatic thickness (mm)	15.3 ± 3.5	14.7 ± 3.1	0.220
Main pancreatic duct index	0.3 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.2	0.885
Portal vein invasion			0.901
Yes	16 (6.3)	4 (8.0)
No	237 (93.7)	46 (92.0)
Intra-abdominal fat thickness (mm)	71.1 ± 27.2	68.3 ± 25.3	0.389
Pancreatic CT value (HU)	38.6 ± 8.3	38.1 ± 8.8	0.693
Preoperative biliary drainage			0.707
Yes	30 (11.9)	5 (10.0)
No	223 (88.1)	45 (90.0)
Preoperative laboratory examination
White blood cells	6.1 ± 1.7	5.9 ± 1.6	0.397
Platelets	232.5 ± 68.5	240.3 ± 62.8	0.316
Albumin (g/L)	39.3 ± 4.1	38.7 ± 3.8	0.662
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	121.3 (34.1-231.4)	130.5 (39.2-190.0)	0.747
Serum amylase (IU/L)	25.0 (16.0-42.0)	26.0 (19.5-39.3)	0.737
CA19-9 (U/mL)	81.9 (34.2-273.1)	94.0 (28.5-357.5)	0.626
Pancreatic intestinal anastomosis method			0.814
Pancreatic duct jejunal mucosa vs mucosa	47 (18.6)	10 (20.0)
Pancreatic intestinal end to side insertion	206 (81.4)	40 (80.0)
Pancreatic cancer			0.684
Yes	59 (23.3)	13 (26.0)
No	194 (76.7)	37 (74.0)
Postoperative pancreatic dysfunction
ISGPF			0.517
Yes	124 (49.0)	22 (44.0)
No	129 (51.0)	28 (56.0)
ISGPS			0.987
Yes	61 (24.1)	12 (24.0)
No	192 (75.9)	38 (76.0)
Surgical related deaths			0.658
Yes	8 (3.2)	1 (2.0)
No	245 (96.8)	49 (98.0)

BMI: Body mass index; CT: Computed tomography; HU: Hounsfield unit; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; ISGPF: International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula; ISGPS: International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery.